1. The Reformation Essential Question: “How does Cultural Diffusion impact Society?

2. Setting the Stage.. The rise of Christian Humanism, an interpretation of Christianity inspired by Renaissance ideals, led to a new questioning of the Catholic Church. The Reformation - the Protestant break from the Catholic church - is another example of the impact of cultural diffusion on history.

3. 12 Europe Before the Reformation Prior to mid- 16th Century What can you see?

4. The Reformation On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a Catholic monk, posted his criticism of the Catholic church on door of the castle church in Wittenberg. He openly criticized the church from within, as well as, provide new teachings to reform the Christian Church.

5. The Reformation By 1580, five prominent Protestant sects had developed from Luther’s initial criticisms, the Catholic Church had reformed their church, and Europe began a long struggle pitting Catholics against Protestants for the next two hundred years.

6. 1. What were the causes of the Reformation? 2. How and why did it spread? 3. What were the effects of the Reformation? 4. How is the Reformation an example of cultural diffusion that impacted society? Essential Questions

7. The Protestant Reformation

8. Causes of The Reformation 1. Abuses of the Catholic Church 2. Renaissance Ideas 3. Political climate 4. Technological Innovations

9. 1 – Abuses of the Catholic Church 1 – Abuses of the Catholic Church Renaissance emphasis on secularism and humanism challenged Church authority *Renaissance popes were considered corrupt (Pius II, Alexander VI) 1. Patronized art and themselves extravagently – fought wars 2. Building St. Peter’s basilica was expensive 3. Focused on Italian politics and fighting wars (Julius II) Many priests and monks were illiterate Illegitimate children were appointed priests, bishops, abbots & abbesses Parishioners lost faith in sacraments administered by immoral clergy

10. Catholic Church Abuses Church leaders need for money led to increasing corruption Simony - selling church offices Pluralism - one person holding multiple offices Absenteeism - church officials ignored duties Indulgences - selling “get out of purgatory free” card

11. Indulgences – EZ Pass to Salvation A pardon for sins, given by the Catholic Church A Treasury of Merit – from Jesus and the saints could be transferred to ordinary people for themselves or dead relatives Father Tetzel shows - Why Selling Indulgences was PopularWhy Selling Indulgences was Popular

12. 2 - Renaissance Influence Better educated, critical, urban population Renaissance monarchs impatient with church power Christian Humanism and focus on inward spirituality Translation of works from Latin to vernacular (common local language) i.e English, Italian, Dutch etc.. )

13. 3. Political Climate: Henry VIII Henry VIII - needs an heir to create political stability He is married to Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, who cannot have any more children (they have one girl) Needs an annulment to re- marry and have a boy, but the pope will not grant one

14. Political Climate: Charles V Holy Roman Emperor Charles V - Young, insecure and attempting to govern huge decentralized area Faced attacks from outside - France and Turks Circumstances within HRE favor Luther

15. Holy Roman Empire

16. Technological Innovation 1450 - Invention of Movable Type Printing Press by Johannes Gutenburg Cheaper and faster to make paper documents - for indulgences, anti Catholic works, bibles Led to the quicker spread of ideas - such as questioning the Catholic Church What was the fear as more people began to read?

17. The Spread of the Printing Press According to the map when did the printing press arrive in Northern Europe? How does that relate to the beginning of the Reformation?

18. Early Calls for Reform Early 1400‘s -John Wycliffe of England and John Huss of Bohemia Importance of the Bible over church leaders and against worldly popes 1490’s- Girolamo Savonarola Called for people of Florence to burn worldly possessions --> one year later, he was killed for heresy 1500’s - Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More

19. More Erasmus Huss Wycliffe More Savonarola

20. Who is Martin Luther? Martin Luther was a monk from Germany troubled with church abuses and the sale of indulgences Friar Tetzel - was selling indulgences in Luther’s town of Wittenberg in 1517 Luther wrote the 95 Theses - posted on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 These listed Luther’s complaints and drew him into a heated debate with the Pope Reluctant Revolutionary

21. Anti – Papal Cartoon

22. “Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone) no good works or sacraments needed - only faith. “Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone) The pope is not the authority on faith - Bible is. The Priesthood of All Believers All people equal to interpret bible Luther’s Beliefs

23. Important Events of the Reformation Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther Diet of Worms (1521) - Charles V put Luther on trial for beliefs Edict of Worms (1521) - Luther declared an outlaw Peace of Augsburg (1555) - the ruler of each German state determined the religion (Protestant or Catholic) of his state Leads to further division of Germany between Luther’s supporters and Catholics

24. Legacy of Luther- Rapping with Brother Martin 95 Theses Rap Identify 5 people, terms, or concepts from the lyrics related to the Reformation. Listen carefully Write them down at the bottom of p3 of your notes packet. Do you know how they are connected to the Reformation?

25. New Sects Spread

26. The Spread of New Protestant Sects

27. John Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin was another famous reformer *Believed in predestination God has selected a few elite to be saved from the beginning Leader of Calvinism

28. CALVINISM  Started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

29. 5 *Protestants and Presbyterians Protestant *Christians who belonged to non-catholic churches *protesters of the catholic church Presbyterians *Scottish version of Calvinism *Followers of John Knox *Church in Scotland was governed by presbyters or elders 5

30. Christianity Catholic Protestant Lutheran Calvinism Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

31. The Effects of the Reformation

32. Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola - > Started the Jesuits Goals: Education, spread Catholicism, stop Protestantism Pope Paul III (1534-1549) 1. I nvestigated abuses 2. Approved Jesuits 3. Started the Inquisition 4. Called for Council of Trent

33. The Inquisition - a Catholic judicial system designed to prosecute heretics

34. Council of Trent 1545-1563 - when church officials agreed on reforms/doctrines 1. Church interpretation of bible was final 2. Faith and good works for salvation 3. Bible and Church tradition equally important 4. Indulgences were valid but false selling was banned

35. Council of Trent Index of Forbidden books 10,000 books burned in one day in Venice alone

36. England - The six wives of Henry VIII and What Happened to Thomas More? and What Happened to Thomas More? 1. Catherine of Aragon - Divorced - Child: Mary 2. Anne Boleyn - Beheaded - Child: Elizabeth 3. Jane Seymour - Died - Child: Edward VI 4.Anne of Cleves - Divorced - Child: None 5. Catherine Howard - Beheaded - Child: None 6.Catherine Parr - Survived (Henry died first) - Child: None

38. England During and After Henry VIII Religious turmoil during reign of Edward VI (Protestant) and Mary I (Catholic) Elizabeth I inherited throne in 1558 Re-established Anglican church Compromised between Catholics and Protestants

39. Long Live the Queen!

40. Spanish Armada Philip II of Spain (Catholic) to attack England on July 29, 1558 Spanish Armada - 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers England defeated Spain “Protestant winds”

42. France - Effects of the Reformation France St. Bartholomew Day Massacre French Calvinists called Huguenots were killed for their beliefs Edict of Nantes Huguenots were granted rights by Henry IV

44. Legacy (impact) of the Reformation Religion no longer united Europe The Catholic Church would never be as powerful as it once was Individual monarchs and leaders gained power The Reformation paved the way for modern nation-states The Reformation set the stage for the modern world

45. Connecting to Essential Questions What did the Reformation spread? Who spread it? Where did the Reformation Spread? Why did the Reformation spread? How did the Reformation spread? What was the impact of the spread?