1. Essential Question: “How does Cultural Diffusion impact Society?
The Reformation
Essential Question: “How does Cultural Diffusion impact Society?

2. Setting the Stage..
The rise of Christian Humanism, an interpretation of Christianity inspired by Renaissance ideals, led to a new questioning of the Catholic Church.
The Reformation - the Protestant break from the Catholic church - is another example of the impact of cultural diffusion on history.

3. Before the Reformation
Europe
Before the Reformation
Prior to mid- 16th Century
What can you see? 12

4. The Reformation
On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a Catholic monk, posted his criticism of the Catholic church on door of the castle church in Wittenberg. He openly criticized the church from within, as well as, provide new teachings to reform the Christian Church.

5. The Reformation
By 1580, five prominent Protestant sects had developed from Luther’s initial criticisms, the Catholic Church had reformed their church, and Europe began a long struggle pitting Catholics against Protestants for the next two hundred years.

6. Essential Questions 1. What were the causes of the Reformation?
2. How and why did it spread?
3. What were the effects of the Reformation?
4. How is the Reformation an example of cultural diffusion that impacted society?

7. The Protestant Reformation

8. Causes of The Reformation
1. Abuses of the Catholic Church
2. Renaissance Ideas
3. Political climate
4. Technological Innovations

9. 1 – Abuses of the Catholic Church Renaissance emphasis on secularism and humanism challenged Church authority
*Renaissance popes were considered corrupt (Pius II, Alexander VI)
Patronized art and themselves extravagently – fought wars
Building St. Peter’s basilica was expensive
Focused on Italian politics and fighting wars (Julius II)
Many priests and monks were illiterate
Illegitimate children were appointed priests, bishops, abbots & abbesses
Parishioners lost faith in sacraments administered by immoral clergy

10. Catholic Church Abuses
Church leaders need for money led to increasing corruption
Simony - selling church offices
Pluralism - one person holding multiple offices
Absenteeism - church officials ignored duties
Indulgences - selling “get out of purgatory free” card

11. Indulgences – EZ Pass to Salvation
A pardon for sins, given by the Catholic Church
A Treasury of Merit – from Jesus and the saints could be transferred to ordinary people for themselves or dead relatives
Father Tetzel shows - Why Selling Indulgences was Popular

12. Stop and Summarize!
Take a moment to summarize the abuses of the Catholic Church in your notes. Write one to two sentences that sum up what we have just discussed! After your sentences include a cartoon that will help you remember the information (Mnemonic).
When you are finished, turn to one of your neighbors and share your summary and doodle.

13. 2 - Renaissance Influence
Better educated, critical, urban populace
Renaissance monarchs impatient with church power
Christian Humanism and focus on inward spirituality
Translation of works from latin to vernacular (common local language)
i.e English, Italian, Dutch etc.. )

14. Stop and Summarize!
In one to two sentences, summarize how the Renaissance influenced the Reformation. After summarizing, create a graphic organizer (chart) showing how these elements of the Renaissance influenced the Reformation \

15. 3. Political Climate: Henry VIII
Henry VIII - needs an heir to create political stability
He is married to Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, who cannot have more children (they have one girl)
Needs an annulment to re-marry and have a boy, but the pope will not grant one
Henry, however, still considered a male heir essential. The Tudor dynasty was new, and its legitimacy might still be tested.[38] A long civil war (1135–54) had been fought the last time a woman, (Empress Matilda), had inherited the throne. The disasters of civil war were still fresh in living memory from the Wars of the Roses.[39]
In 1520, Catherine's nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V[40]

16. Political Climate: Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V - Young, insecure and attempting to govern huge decentralized area
Faced attacks from outside - France and Turks
Circumstances within HRE favor Luther

17. Holy Roman Empire

18. Stop and Summarize!
Take a minute to summarize the political climate of the time in one to two sentences. After you summarize, come up with a characteristic you use to summarize each political leader that will help you remember the information!

19. Technological Innovation
Invention of Movable Type Printing Press by Johannes Gutenburg
Cheaper and faster to make paper documents - for indulgences, anti catholic works, bibles
Led to the quicker spread of ideas - such as questioning the church
What was the fear as more people began to read?

20. The Spread of the Printing Press
According to the map when did the printing press arrive in Northern Europe?
How does that relate to the beginning of the Reformation?

21. Stop and Summarize!
Summarize why technology was important to the spread of the Renaissance in two sentences. Now make a 4 line poem about the impact of Gutenburg and the printing press.

22. Early Calls for Reform
Early 1400‘s -John Wycliffe of England and John Huss of Bohemia
Importance of the Bible over church leaders and against worldly popes
1490’s- Girolamo Savonarola
Called for people of Florence to burn worldly possessions --> one year later, he was killed for heresy
1500’s - Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More

23. Huss
Erasmus
More
Savonarola
Wycliffe
More
More

24. Who is Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a monk from Germany troubled with church abuses and the sale of indulgences
Friar Tetzel - was selling indulgences in Luther’s town of Wittenberg in 1517
Luther wrote the 95 Theses - posted on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
These listed Luther’s complaints and drew him into a heated debate

25. Luther’s Beliefs “Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone)
no good works or sacraments needed - only faith.
“Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone)
The pope is not the authority on faith - Bible is.
The Priesthood of All Believers
All people equal to interpret bible

26. Important Events of the Reformation
Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther
Diet of Worms (1521) - Charles V put Luther on trial for beliefs
Edict of Worms (1521) - Luther declared an outlaw
Peace of Augsburg (1555) - the ruler of each German state determined the religion (Protestant or Catholic) of his state
Leads to further division of Germany between Luther’s supporters and Catholics

27. Legacy of Luther- Rapping with Brother Martin
95 Theses Rap
Identify 5 people, terms, or concepts from the lyrics related to the Reformation. Listen carefully
Write them down at the bottom of p3 of your notes packet.
Do you know how they are connected to the Reformation?

28. New Sects Spread

29. The Effects of the Reformation

30. John Calvin and Calvinism
John Calvin was another famous reformer
*Believed in predestination
God has selected a few elite to be saved from the beginning
Leader of Calvinism

31. CALVINISM Started in Switzerland – Calvinists England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church

32. ANABAPTISTS Founded by Menno Simons (1496-1561)
Ordained a Catholic Priest
Influenced by Martin Luther
People should be baptized as Adults
Church and State should be separate
Refused to fight in wars
Amish and Mennonites are modern day Anabaptists

33. *Protestants and Presbyterians
*Christians who belonged to non-catholic churches
*protesters of the catholic church
Presbyterians
*Scottish version of Calvinism
*Followers of John Knox
*Church in Scotland was governed by presbyters or elders 5 5

34. Christianity Protestant Catholic Puritan Lutheran Calvinism
Presbyterian
Puritan
Hugeunots

35. Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola -> Started the Jesuits
Goals: Education, spread Catholicism, stop Protestantism
Pope Paul III ( )
1. Investigated abuses
2. Approved Jesuits
3. Started the Inquisition
4. Called for Council of Trent

36. The Inquisition - a Catholic judicial system designed to prosecute heretics

38. Council of Trent
when church officials agreed on reforms/doctrines
1. Church interpretation of bible was final
2. Faith and good works for salvation
3. Bible and Church tradition equally important
4. Indulgences were valid but false selling was banned

39. Council of Trent Index of Forbidden books
10,000 books burned in one day in Venice a

40. The six wives of Henry VIII and What Happened to Thomas More?
1. Catherine of Aragon - Divorced - Child: Mary
2. Anne Boleyn - Beheaded - Child: Elizabeth
3. Jane Seymour - Died - Child: Edward VI
4.Anne of Cleves - Divorced - Child: None
5. Catherine Howard - Beheaded - Child: None
6.Catherine Parr - Survived (Henry died first) - Child: None

42. England During and After Henry VIII
Religious turmoil during reign of Edward VI (Protestant) and Mary I (Catholic)
Elizabeth I inherited throne in 1558
Re-established Anglican church
Compromised between Catholics and Protestants

43. Long Live the Queen!

44. Spanish Armada
Philip II of Spain (Catholic) to attack England on July 29, 1558
Spanish Armada ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers
England defeated Spain
“Protestant winds”

46. Effects of the Reformation
France
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
French Calvinists called Huguenots were killed for their beliefs
Edict of Nantes
Huguenots were granted rights by Henry IV

48. Legacy (impact) of the Reformation
Religion no longer united Europe The Catholic Church would never be a powerful as it once was Individual monarchs and leaders gained power The Reformation paved the way for modern nation-states The Reformation set the stage for the modern world

49. Connecting to Essential Questions
What did the Reformation spread?
Who spread it?
Where did the Reformation Spread?
Why did the Reformation spread?
How did the Reformation spread?
What was the impact of the spread?
How - spread through the printing press, Princes throughout germany changing to Lutheranism bc of tax issues, inability of Charles V to control HRE let to increase spreading, writing in the Vernacular and the increase in education from teh Renaissance
Why - a common questioning of the church hierarchy, growth in nationalism - ppl felt german vs just catholic, political reasons - leaders did not want to be under the authority of the pope anymore - wanted to have more power for themselves, belief in the catholic church as too corrupt