1. Reconstruction and Changes in the United States

2. Northern Postwar Problems Economic problems in the North: Economic problems in the North: 800,000 Union soldiers were returning to the north where there were no jobs 800,000 Union soldiers were returning to the north where there were no jobs There was no longer a need for so many factories, so there were a lot of layoffs There was no longer a need for so many factories, so there were a lot of layoffs

3. Physically northern farms and cities were hardly touched since most battles took place in the south Physically northern farms and cities were hardly touched since most battles took place in the south

4. Southern Postwar Problems Financially the South was destroyed Financially the South was destroyed Confederate money was worthless Confederate money was worthless The plantation economy which had depended mostly on slavery was now ended The plantation economy which had depended mostly on slavery was now ended

5. Physically the South was Destroyed Physically the South was Destroyed In some areas all homes, barns and bridges were destroyed. In some areas all homes, barns and bridges were destroyed. Most of the south’s railroads were totally destroyed Most of the south’s railroads were totally destroyed

6. Problems That Would Arise From The Ruins About 4 million former slaves were now free (“Freedmen”) but had little opportunity for jobs or any hope of providing for their families. About 4 million former slaves were now free (“Freedmen”) but had little opportunity for jobs or any hope of providing for their families. Hundreds of thousands of veterans were also created by the war. Hundreds of thousands of veterans were also created by the war.

7. Early Steps Toward Reconstruction Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan (1863) Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan (1863) Under this plan, a southern state could form a new government after 10% of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States. Under this plan, a southern state could form a new government after 10% of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States.

8. Oath of Allegiance "I, __me___, do solemnly swear (or affirm), in the presence of Almighty God, that I am a citizen of the State of _____; that I have resided in said State for _____ months next preceding this day, and now reside in the county of _____ or the parish of _____, in said State (as the case may be); that I am twenty-one years old; that I have not be disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war against the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws of any State or of the United States; that I have never been a member of any State legislature, nor held any executive or judicial office in any State and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the United States, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will faithfully support the Constitution and obey the laws of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, encourage others so to do, so help me God"' "I, __me___, do solemnly swear (or affirm), in the presence of Almighty God, that I am a citizen of the State of _____; that I have resided in said State for _____ months next preceding this day, and now reside in the county of _____ or the parish of _____, in said State (as the case may be); that I am twenty-one years old; that I have not be disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war against the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws of any State or of the United States; that I have never been a member of any State legislature, nor held any executive or judicial office in any State and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the United States, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will faithfully support the Constitution and obey the laws of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, encourage others so to do, so help me God"'

10. The Freedmen’s Bureau Government agency formed to help former slaves Government agency formed to help former slaves Gave food and clothing to former slaves Gave food and clothing to former slaves Helped them find jobs Helped them find jobs Helped poor whites as well Helped poor whites as well Provided health care for more than 1 million people Provided health care for more than 1 million people

11. The Freedmen’s Bureau’s Most Important Tasks Being involved in teaching former slaves and their children to read Being involved in teaching former slaves and their children to read The agency laid the foundation for the South’s public school system The agency laid the foundation for the South’s public school system It also created colleges for African Americans It also created colleges for African Americans

12. Johnson’s Plan A majority of voters from each southern state had to pledge loyalty to the United States A majority of voters from each southern state had to pledge loyalty to the United States Each state also had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) which had banned slavery throughout the nation Each state also had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) which had banned slavery throughout the nation

13. The South’s Black Codes African Americans couldn’t vote, own guns or serve on juries African Americans couldn’t vote, own guns or serve on juries They could marry legally and own some kinds of property They could marry legally and own some kinds of property

14. Congress Takes Action Members of Congress known as Radical Republicans vowed to take control of Reconstruction Members of Congress known as Radical Republicans vowed to take control of Reconstruction Two main goals: Two main goals: They wanted to break the power of wealthy planters who had long ruled the South They wanted to break the power of wealthy planters who had long ruled the South They wanted to ensure that freedmen received the right to vote They wanted to ensure that freedmen received the right to vote

15. Republicans Start To Take Control They passed the Civil Rights Act (1866) however, fearing the Supreme Court would declare it unconstitutional, they proposed the 14 th Amendment They passed the Civil Rights Act (1866) however, fearing the Supreme Court would declare it unconstitutional, they proposed the 14 th Amendment

16. 14 th Amendment Defined citizens as “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” Defined citizens as “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” Guaranteed citizens “equal protection of the laws” Guaranteed citizens “equal protection of the laws” Forbade states to “deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law” Forbade states to “deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law”

17. Radical Reconstruction Under the Reconstruction Act (1867) Congress threw out any state’s government that did not ratify the 14 th Amendment Under the Reconstruction Act (1867) Congress threw out any state’s government that did not ratify the 14 th Amendment To rejoin the Union, states had to write new constitutions and ratify the 14 th Amendment To rejoin the Union, states had to write new constitutions and ratify the 14 th Amendment

18. Johnson Is Almost Impeached Republicans decided to remove Johnson from office after he tried to limit what they could do with Reconstruction Republicans decided to remove Johnson from office after he tried to limit what they could do with Reconstruction They decided to impeach him, or bring formal charges against him.

19. Grant Is Nominated for President Republicans nominate Ulysses S. Grant for President. Southern governments allowed African American men to vote, and as a result Grant easily won the election.

20. The Fifteenth Amendment Proposed in 1869 Proposed in 1869 Forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” Forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

21. Three Groups Step In As Leaders In The South First were the scalawags: Seen as traitors by some Seen as traitors by some They were white businesspeople who had opposed secession in 1860 They were white businesspeople who had opposed secession in 1860 They wanted to forget the war and just rebuild the South. They wanted to forget the war and just rebuild the South.

22. Second, were the carpetbaggers: Northerners who came to the south after the war hoping to get rich from the South’s misery Northerners who came to the south after the war hoping to get rich from the South’s misery Third, were African Americans They became sheriffs, mayors, and legislators in the new government They became sheriffs, mayors, and legislators in the new government

23. The Rise of Vigilante Groups These groups were radical in their way of thinking These groups were radical in their way of thinking The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) frightened, threatened, and killed African Americans that were not obedient. The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) frightened, threatened, and killed African Americans that were not obedient.

24. A Cycle of Poverty Sharecropping Sharecropping Freedmen and poor whites who went to work on large plantations Freedmen and poor whites who went to work on large plantations They rented and farmed a plot of land They rented and farmed a plot of land Planters provided seed, fertilizer, and tools in return for a share of the crop at harvest time Planters provided seed, fertilizer, and tools in return for a share of the crop at harvest time

25. Life after Reconstruction Southerners passed poll taxes- requiring voters to pay a fee each time they voted. Southerners passed poll taxes- requiring voters to pay a fee each time they voted. They imposed literacy tests that required voters to read and explain a section of the Constitution. They imposed literacy tests that required voters to read and explain a section of the Constitution. Segregation became the law in the South Segregation became the law in the South Law that would separate whites and blacks Law that would separate whites and blacks

26. Plessy v. Ferguson The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal. The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal.