1. Cardiovascular System: Blood Advanced Anatomy & Physiology Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Department Misericordia Univ.

2. Blood Liquid connective tissue Arises from hemopoietic tissue: 1. myeloid tissues (Red bone marrow) 2.lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, etc. In fetus, liver and yolk sac are hemopoietic

3. Properties of the Blood Volume 4-6L (5-6L men, 4-5L women) based on body size (8% of total body weight) pH 7.4 + 0.1 5X the viscosity of water Hematocrit = 45

4. Blood Composition

5. Plasma Composition 90% water 10% suspended or dissolved constituents Plasma Constituents (10%) –0.9% NaCl + other electrolytes –Nutrients –Plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen –Dissolved gases: O 2, CO 2, N 2

6. Functions of the Blood Transportation media Osmoregulation Acid-Base balance Protection

7. Hemopoiesis (RBC development) Rate controlled by erythropoietin secretion Availability of Fe ++, folic acid, vitamin B12 and amino acid precursors for hemoglobin production

8. RBC Production Control

9. Formed Elements

10. RBC (erythrocyte) Lives 120 days Non-nucleated biconcave disc 4.5-5.5 million/mm 3 1/3 of cytoplasm is hemoglobin

11. Rouleau

12. Hemoglobin

13. Hemoglobin Metabolism

14. Point Mutation in Sickle Cell

15. Sickle Cell Anemia

16. Blood Types

17. Blood Typing Anti-D

18. ABO Blood Group Summary

19. WBC Development

21. Distribution of WBC

22. Neutrophil Most abundant circulating WBC (55-65% of WBCs), highly phagocytic, 1 st to arrive at site of infection

23. Eosinophil 2-4% of WBC, combat irritants that trigger inflammation, phagocytic for Ag-Ab complexes, destroy worm infections, limit inflammation

24. Basophil Least abundant WBC (0.5% of WBC), trigger inflammation, contain vesicles with vasoactive compounds

25. Monocyte 3-8% of WBC, highly phagocytic and chemotaxic, arrive second to neutrophils at site of infection but in more massive numbers, can undergo diapedesis; some take up permanent residence in some tissues (often has a C-shaped nucleus)

26. Lymphocyte Second most abundant WBC (20-30% of WBC), function in specific immunity, two types: T and B cells

27. Platelet Development

28. Platelets 150-400 thousand/mm 3 2-4 mcm in diameter Function in clotting and vessel repair

29. Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) Extravascular Mechanisms –Tightening of skin and muscles around injury –Behavior response (elevate, applied pressure) Vascular Mechanisms –Vasoconstriction (vascular spasms) Intravascular Mechanisms –Platelets –plug formation and factor secretion (PF 3 ) –Clotting factors (extrinsic and intrinsic system)

30. Platelet Plug and Clotting The common clotting pathway Platelet aggregation is increased by the stuck platelets releasing Thromboxane which stimulates vasoconstriction and attracts more platelets to area. Prostacyclin inhibits this and is released by non-damaged endothelial cells

31. Platelet stimulated (PF 3 ) (TF) (PF 3 ) or(TF) (Stabilizing Factor)

32. Coagulation Summary 1.Coagulation may be triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic pathway, but in the body the extrinsic path is the one most commonly used. 2.Activated Factors X, V, Ca 2+, and PF 3 or TF combine to change Xa into prothrombin activator which catalyzes prothrombin to thrombin 3.Thrombin then catalyzes Fibrinogen to Fibrin turning the blood into a gel-like state 4.Activate Factor XIII stabilizes and strengthens the fibrin. 5.Finally the platelets in the clot contract, squeezing the plasma from the clot. (Clot retraction) 6.After 2 days, enzymes in clot activate plasminogen into plasmin with begins dissolving clot

33. Fibrin Clot

34. Bleeding and Coagulation Tests Bleeding time –the time it takes a small wound to stop bleeding Coagulation (clotting) time –the time it takes to form a blood to clot in a test tube (test intrinsic system) but not that sensitive Thrombin time –measures the time for blood to clot in a tube when thrombin is added Prothrombin time (pro-time, PT) –evaluates the extrinsic mechanism Partial Thromboplastin time (PTT) –tests the intrinsic system, more sensitive than clotting time

35. Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia ––decrease number of platelets Impaired Liver Function –responsible for many of the clotting factors in the blood –Vit. K used as co-factor in many clotting factor syntheses; liver bile salts help in absorbing this vitamin Hemophilia –hereditary bleeding disorders –Class A (classical) –deficiency of factor VIII; most common hemophilia (83%) –Class B deficiency of factor IX A & B is sex (X) linked trait; mainly seen in males –Class C deficiency of factor XI –less severe; seen in both sexes