1. The Crusades
Video

2. Question for Consideration: Were the Crusades Successful
or Were The Crusades a Failure?

3. Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
The Holy Land

4. Starting in the 7th Century CE, Islam spreads from the Arabian Peninsula through the Middle East, across Africa into Asia and Europe.
The Holy Land

5. The Empire of the Seljuk Turks at the end of the 11th century
The Empire of the Seljuk Turks at the end of the 11th century. Very little was left of the Byzantine Empire.

6. Jerusalem in the 11th Century had fallen into the hands of the Islamic invaders - the Seljuk Turks

7. Jerusalem was a holy city for the Muslims as well as the Christians and Jews
The Muslims did begin to prevent Christian pilgrims from entering the city.

8. Stories began to circulate that the Turks were torturing and killing Christians and Christian missionaries and priests in Jerusalem and in other cities in the Holy Land.

9. Were the stories true? Or, were they an attempt by the Byzantine emperor to get help from Christian Europe against the Muslim invaders?
Were the stories an early form of propaganda?
Propaganda has been used throughout history to recruit armies and stir emotions.

10. It wasn’t hard to find anti-Muslim propaganda after 9/11
We still use propaganda to feed hate and encourage people to support causes -- or go to war.
It wasn’t hard to find anti-Muslim propaganda after 9/11

11. “The Turks and Arabs have attacked them!”
In 1095 Pope Urban II issued perhaps the most famous “call to arms” in history.
“Your brethren who live in the east (the Christians in the Byzantine Empire) are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them.”
“They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them.”
“The Turks and Arabs have attacked them!”

12. “Moreover, Christ commands it!”
“O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God… “
“Moreover, Christ commands it!”
“On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds…to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends.”

13. “All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.”
Admission to Heaven guaranteed…or your money back

14. How much impact would the Pope’s call for a crusade have?
Review Questions:
What social, economic and political system existed in Western Europe at this time?
What was the richest and the single most powerful entity in 11th century Western Europe?
The Church
Feudalism
What role did religion play in the lives of the people - including the nobility
How much impact would the Pope’s call for a crusade have?
Almost like a command
Religion was the most important factor

15. England Holy Roman Empire France Christian Spain Byzantine Empire
Moorish
Spain

16. Raymond of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon, lead the First Crusade.
They lead an army of around 35,000 men in a holy crusade to free the Holy Land from the infidels.
By the time they reach their goal their numbers have swelled to 100,000

17. Unfortunately, the religious zeal of the Crusaders and their hatred of the “infidels” was not restricted to just the Muslims in the Holy Land
In the German city of Mainz, the Crusaders massacred thousands of Jews, even those who had taken refuge in the Bishop’s palace.

19. The siege of Jerusalem

20. An eyewitness, a Crusader, recorded the siege of Jerusalem and the brutal actions of the Crusders following the city’s capture:
"Exulting with joy we reached the city of Jerusalem on Tuesday, June 6, and we besieged it in a wonderful manner…Day and night on the fourth and fifth days of the week we vigorously attacked the city on all sides;…

21. Jerusalem falls to the Crusaders!

22. When he reached the top, all the defenders of the city quickly fled along the walls and through the city. Our men followed and pursued them, killing and hacking, as far as the temple of Solomon, and there there was such a slaughter that our men were up to their ankles in the enemy's blood
Entering the city, our pilgrims pursued and killed the Saracens up to the temple of Solomon. There the Saracens assembled and resisted fiercely all day, so that the whole temple flowed with their blood. At last the pagans were overcome and our men seized many men and women in the temple, killing them or keeping them alive as they saw fit.”

23. The Crusaders established a number of kingdoms in the Holy Land
The Crusaders established a number of kingdoms in the Holy Land. They came to be known as the “Crusader States.”
Many were soon reconquered by the Turks. Even Jerusalem was recaptured in 1187

24. A Second Crusade was mounted, but the Crusaders spent more time and energy fighting each other than they did the Turks.
It failed miserably - not even reaching the Holy Land.

25. Then…….in 1189, a THIRD CRUSADE began.
This may have been the most famous -- mostly because of the people who led the Crusade.
This time the leaders were the Kings of the greatest states in Europe……..

26. Richard “the Lionhearted”
Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
Drowned crossing a stream in Turkey
Phillip II of France
Richard I of England
Richard “the Lionhearted”

27. The English & French Traveled by Sea
The Third Crusade
The English & French Traveled by Sea

28. Richard and his army captured the city of Acre after a one-month siege, and defeated the Muslim army at Jaffa.
When the Muslim leader, Saladin, refused Richard’s terms for a peace treaty, Richard had 2,700 prisoners executed.

29. Richard led his army on to Jerusalem
But, the Turks, led by their greatest leader, Saladin, held on to the city.

30. The exhausted army of Knights and common soldiers returned home
The Third Crusade was never able to capture Jerusalem. It remained in Muslim hands (except for short periods) for another 500 years, until captured by the British Army in in World War I
The exhausted army of Knights and common soldiers returned home

31. The Fourth Crusade - Never Got to the Holy Land
In 1204 the Crusaders attacked, captured and sacked Constantinople, the largest Christian city in the world and the capitol of the Byzantine Empire

32. The schism has not yet completely healed
The sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade widened the schism (the break) between the Roman Catholic (Western) Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
The schism has not yet completely healed

33. The Crusades did not end with the Fourth Crusade.
There was even a Children’s Crusade.
An army of children marched off to the Holy Land. They were captured by pirates who sold them into slavery.

34. Altogether there were NINE Crusades.
The last one ended in 1272 CE almost 200 years after the First Crusade began.

35. Results of the Crusades
The slaughter of thousands of Muslims left a legacy of hate between the Christians and Muslims.
How might that have affected feudal society in Europe?
Thousands of Crusaders died - many of them members of the feudal nobility.
What impact would that have on the history of the Middle East?
The Muslim “infidels” remained in control of the Holy Land.
Causing the eventual collapse of the Empire and the spread of Islam into southeastern Europe.
The Byzantine Empire was permanently weakened
What if the eastern & western churches had remained together. Would Christianity have been even more powerful?
The schism between the Eastern & Western churches widened after the sack of Constantinople.

36. Crusaders were exposed to Eastern culture.
OTHER, More Positive Results of the Crusades
Crusaders were exposed to Eastern culture.
Products of the East like spices, perfumes, and silk were brought back to Western Europe.
Europeans wanted the new luxuries the Crusaders brought back from the wars.
Death of feudal lords weakened the feudal system and increased the power of Kings.
Trade routes opened between the Middle East and Venice, Genoa and other northern Italian cities.
Making them wealthy & powerful cites and eventually the centers of the Italian Renaissance
Without those advances, the discovery of the Americas might not have happened
Europeans learned about the rudder & the compass
Europeans learned about gunpowder & other weapons

37. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Follow-up Assignment
Historians have expressed that the Crusades were a “successful failure.”
Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Cite examples.