1. FSA Psy 445 2008 Organizational Culture and Management

2. FSA Psy 445 2008 Organizational Culture A system of shared meanings that result in the way we do things around here. –values –norms –attitudes –beliefs –managerial style

3. FSA Psy 445 2008 Philosophical Influences in Management The Classical School The Human Relations School The Human Resources School

4. FSA Psy 445 2008 Classical School of Management Assumptions 1. Work is inherently distasteful to most people. 2. What workers do is less important than what they earn for doing it. Policies 1. Manager’s task is to supervise and control. 2. Break tasks down into simple, repetitive components. 3. Establish detailed work routines and procedures.

5. FSA Psy 445 2008 Human Relations School of Management Assumptions 1. People want to feel useful and important. 2. People desire to belong and be recognized as individuals. Policies 1. Manager’s task is to make workers feel useful and important. 2. Keep workers informed and listen to their objections to manager’s plans. 3. Allow workers to exercise some self-direction and control in routine matters.

6. FSA Psy 445 2008 Human Resources School of Management Assumptions 1. Work is not inherently distasteful. People want to contribute to meaningful goals that they have helped establish. 2. Most people can exercise far more creative, responsible, self- direction than their job currently allows. Policies 1. Manager’s task is to coach and utilize untapped human resources. 2. Create an environment that allows workers to contribute to the limits of their abilities. 3. Encourage full participation on important matters, continually broadening worker self-direction and control.

7. FSA Psy 445 2008 Theory X assumes people… truly dislike work must be coerced into working prefer close supervision avoid responsibility have little ambition value security the most Theory Y assumes people… want to work will exercise self-control are motivated to achieve goals are imaginative and creative are boxed in by conventional jobs McGregor’s Management Theories

8. FSA Psy 445 2008 Theory Z - Ouchi Combined American and Japanese management practices together to form Theory Z, having the following characteristics: –long-term employment –collective decision-making –individual responsibility –slow evaluation & promotion –implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized measures –moderately specialized career paths –holistic concern for the employee, including family.

9. FSA Psy 445 2008 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ACTUALIZATION PHYSICAL SAFETY SOCIAL ESTEEM Lower Order Higher Order

10. FSA Psy 445 2008 Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory Hygiene Factors salary company policy physical facilities administration working conditions Motivators challenge autonomy advancement recognition