1. Why Study History? HISTORY: Helps Us Understand People and Societies Helps Us Understand Change and How the Society We Live in Came to Be Gives Importance of History in Our Own Lives Contributes to Moral Understanding Provides Identity Is Essential for Good Citizenship

2. vs.HISTORY

3. What is Culture? People’s unique way of life

4. When Did History Begin? Prehistory – period of time before writing History- the study of the past, w/ attention to written records Writing – Began ca. 3000 BC

5. Dating History BC / AD - “Before Christ“ / “Anno Domini" -Latin "in the year of our Lord." BCE / CE – “Before Common Era” / “Common Era”

6. Studying Ancient History Archaeologists Anthropologists Paleontologists Artifacts Fossils

7. The Dawn of Man

8. Origins of Man Hominids - Early Humans First found in Africa- cooler then, Sahara was fertile grasslands Australopithecus Afarensis (4-1 million BC) “Lucy”- 3.5 million BC - found by Donald Johanson in Africa Average: 4 feet tall, 75 pounds.

12. Homo habilis “Handy man” used stone tools 2.2 - 1.6 mil. BCE Eastern - Southern Africa Omnivorous diet. Louis and Mary Leakey found artifacts in the Great Rift Valley

13. Homo Habilis

14. Homo Erectus “Upright Man” 1.6 mil. – 300,000 BCE advanced tool making 1st to use fire, skilled hunters, language, migrated to other continents- Europe and Asia.

15. . Neanderthal (100,000 -40,000 BCE) Rituals for a successful hunt Buried dead - Left items in the graves showing they believed in an afterlife Neanderthal disappeared???

16. Cro-Magnon Man (40,000 – 8000 BCE) similar to modern man, bow & arrow, jewelry, cave art, planned hunts, huts, fish hooks, Flute - music

19. Homo Sapien (thinking man) - About 300,000 years ago. (first discovered in Germany) Homo Sapien Sapien - About 10,000 years ago. Oldest found so far in Colorado, about 8,000 years old.

20. Paleolithic Age – Old Stone Age Hunters and Gatherers - Nomads What They Were Like : 1. NO permanent dwellings- (caves/tents) 2. Moved w/ the animals 3. Tools 4. Primitive language 5. Fire- warmth, cooking, light, smoke to preserve food and torches to drive animals off cliffs

21. Neolithic Age - New Stone Age 8000BC – 3000BC Agricultural Revolution - Farming – Polished stone tools – Pottery – Raised animals (domestication) – First farming- near Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (present-day Iraq and Iran)

22. Influence of Farming 1. Irrigation - By a river 2. Permanent housing – mud brick, wood 3. Social structure – Men- hunt/farm; women/children- chores & farm. 4. Artisans – make things - pottery, jewelry, cloth, etc. 5. Barter system - trade b/t the artisans and the farmers

23. Early Farming Villages Jarmo - Oldest farming site (Iraq) Catal Huyuk - first farming town (Turkey)

25. Early religion – polytheistic – many gods Ziggurats – temples – also used for storage & sacrifices

26. Neolithic Revolution Farming methods: Slash & Burn Plow (pulled by oxen) metal tools Bad Erosion

27. High Tech Metals Bronze age ( melt tin & copper)

28. Civilization - what is it? Advanced cities – Large buildings Centers of trade – Near water or roads Specialized workers – Artisans Institutions(Complex) – Gov’t – Religion – Economies Record keeping – Scribes cuneiform