1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
Chapter 12
Motivation
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. Fact vs. Falsehood
1. Humans who have had ulcerated or cancerous stomachs removed do not experience hunger
2. Part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal.
3. At least one-third of adult Americans no longer object to extramarital sex.
4. Descriptions of the feelings accompanying orgasm written by men cannot be distinguished from those written by women.
5. Normal fluctuations in sex hormones have a significant effect on human sexual desire.
6. Research has shown that homosexuality is linked with problems in a child’s relationship with parents.
7. When asked “What is it that makes your life meaningful?” most people mention “meaningful work” before anything else.
8. Married people are less at risk for depression, suicide, and early death than are unattached people.
9. People report greatest enjoyment of life when they are quietly relaxing.
10. Only 20% of employees surveyed globally strongly agree that every day they have “the opportunity to do what I do best.”

3. Motivation Motivation Instinct
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

4. Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)

5. Motivation Homeostasis Incentive Optimum Arousal
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Optimum Arousal
We are driven to experience stimulation

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization needs
Need to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Esteem needs
Need for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,
and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needs
Need to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid
loneliness and alienation
Safety needs
Need to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Physiological needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

7. Motivation-Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

8. Motivation-Hunger Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
provides the major source of energy for body tissues
when its level is low, we feel hunger

9. Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

10. Biology and Hunger I’m Starving I’m stuffed Lateral hypothalamus
Ventromedial hypothalamus

11. Motivation-Hunger Set Point Basal Metabolic Rate
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate
body’s base rate of energy expenditure

12. Motivation-Hunger

13. Psychology of Hunger Part of Hunger is remembering our last meal
Taste preference (biology or culture)
Universal: sweet, salty, carbs = calm
Aversions to novel foods (esp. animal based = neophobia)
Culture and environment (spices keep things from spoiling)
Pregnancy related nausea may protect fetus

14. Body Image
Take survey

15. Psychology Today readership surveys of body image in 1972, 1985, and The 1996 survey findings are published in the February 1997 issue of the magazine. Results are based on the first 4000 people to respond to the five-page questionnaire, it is hardly a representative sample of the American population.
Compared with earlier survey, body dissatisfaction is soaring. A total of 89 percent of women respondents say they want to lose weight; 22 percent of the males say they want to gain weight.
Fifteen percent of the women and 11 percent of the men say they would sacrifice more than five years of their lives to be the weight they want. Twenty-four percent of women and 17 percent of men say they would give up more than three years.
While body dissatisfaction stays about the same as women age, women are being initiated into feelings of body hatred at an earlier age.
Body dissatisfaction affects those women who describe themselves as feminists (32 percent) as well as those who say they are more traditional (49 percent). Feminists do indicate that they are less willing to use such drastic measures as vomiting to control their weight.

16. Pregnancy is increasingly being viewed as an encumbrance to body image
Pregnancy is increasingly being viewed as an encumbrance to body image. Some women say they are choosing not to have children for this reason.
Sexual abuse is a significant contributor to body dissatisfaction. However, only women who have been abused think so. Other women do not seem to grasp the damage that abuse can do to feelings about the body.
Teasing during childhood or adolescence has a lasting effect on women’s feelings about their bodies. Women report that the negative impact can last for decades, no matter what their current shape.
Respondents say that exercising is the most reliable way to develop positive feelings about one’s body.
Models in the media have a large effect on the way women see themselves. At the same time, a model backlash seems to be in the making. More than three out of ten women say that models make them feel angry and resentful. Media models make more than four out of ten women feel insecure. Respondents say that they are eager to see models that are more representative of the normal range of body types.

17. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female
Families are often competitive, high achieving and protective
Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Families have high rate of alcoholism, obesity and depression

18. Eating disorders in General
Very slight relationship with sexual abuse
May have a genetic link
Often mothers’ are obsessed with appearance as well
Major cultural influence
Low self-esteem
Gender differences

19. Women’s Body Images

20. A woman’s mirror view
A man’s mirror view