1. Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials
Diana Kendall 6th Edition

2. Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
Discuss and evaluate the ideas, and theories of prominent social scientists
Demonstrate an understanding of the different disciplines involved in the study of individuals and groups in society (sociology, psychology and anthropology)
Demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of concepts and methods used in the social sciences.
 Apply social science methods to specific situations.
 Work co-operatively to apply these concepts and methods.
 Explore sources of bias, understand how to detect bias, explore personal bias and reflect on ways to reduce bias.
 Examine evidence using sociological methods of inquiry
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3. The Sociological Perspective and Research Methods
Chapter 1
The Sociological Perspective and Research Methods

4. Chapter Outline Putting Social Life into Perspective
The Importance of a Global Sociological Imagination
The Origins of Sociological Thinking
The Development of Modern Sociology
Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives
Comparing Sociology with other Social Sciences

5. Putting Social Life Into Perspective
Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social interaction.
Sociologists study societies and social interactions to develop theories of :
How human behavior is shaped by group life.
How group life is affected by individuals.

6. Why Study Sociology?
Helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and our social world.
Helps us see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and our society.
Promotes understanding and tolerance by helping us look beyond personal experiences and gain insight into the larger world order.

7. Society
A society is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations, such as the United States, Mexico, or Nigeria.

8. Fields That Use Social Science Research
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9. Sociological and Individualistic Explanations for Human Behavior

10. The Sociological Imagination
The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.
Distinguishes between personal troubles and social issues.
Why Videos Go Viral (Ted Talk)

11. Personal Troubles
Personal troubles are private problems that affect individuals and the networks of people with which they associate regularly.
Example: One person being unemployed or running up a high credit card debt could be identified as a personal trouble.

12. Public Issues
Public issues are problems that affect large numbers of people and require solutions at the societal level.
Widespread unemployment and massive, nationwide consumer debt are examples of public issues.

13. Overspending as a Personal Trouble
People credit cards and spend more than they can afford, affecting all aspects of their lives, including health, family relationships, and employment stability.
Sociologist George Ritzer suggests that people may overspend through a gradual process.
Credit cards lure people into consumption by easy credit and entice them into further consumption by offers of ‘payment holidays,’ new cards, and increased credit limits.

14. Overspending as a Public Issue
Between 1990 and 2000, credit card debt tripled in the United States.
As corporations “write off ” bad debt from those who declare bankruptcy or do not pay their bills, all consumers pay either directly or indirectly for that debt.

15. Overspending as a Public Issue
Poverty is forgotten as a social issue when more affluent people are having a spending holiday and consuming all they can afford to purchase.
Sociologist Robert D. Manning found that students are aggressively targeted by credit card companies even though it is accepted that some of the students will ruin their credit while still in college.

16. Private vs Public Vaccination Assignment The Current Monday Feb 9 2015
As It Happens Thursday Feb
Vaccine Research at UBC Feb
The Current Friday Feb
Jimmy Kimmel Feb 27, 2015

17. Importance of a Global Sociological Imagination
Although existing sociological theory and research provide a foundation for sociological thinking, we must develop a more global approach for the future.
In the 21st century, we face important challenges in a rapidly changing nation and world.

18. High Income Countries
Nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations.
Examples: United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Western Europe.
Have a high standard of living and a lower death rate due to advances in nutrition and medical technology.
Personal debt may threaten economic even among middle- and upper income people.

19. Middle Income Countries
Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income
Example: The nations of Eastern Europe and many Latin American countries.

20. Low Income Countries
Primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.
Examples: Many of the nations of Africa and Asia, particularly the People’s Republic of China and India, where people typically work the land and are among the poorest in the world.

21. Population Demographics

22. Population Demographics

26. Definitions
Race is used to specify groups of people distinguished by physical characteristics such as skin color.
There are no “pure” racial types, and race is considered by most sociologists to be a social construction people use to justify social inequalities.
Ethnicity refers to the cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin.

27. Definitions
Class is the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.
Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.
Gender refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences, referred to as femininity and masculinity.

28. Question Femininity and masculinity are _____- related terms. sex
gender
biology
anatomically

29. Answer: b
Femininity and masculinity are gender- related terms.

30. Sociology and the Age of Enlightenment
The origins of sociological thinking can be traced to the scientific revolution in the late 17th and mid-18th centuries and the Age of Enlightenment.
A basic assumption of the Enlightenment was that scientific laws had been designed with a view to human happiness.

31. Sociology and the Age of Enlightenment
In France, the Enlightenment was dominated by the philosophers, including Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Turgot.
They believed human society could be improved through scientific discoveries.
If people were free from the ignorance of the past, they could create new forms of political and economic organization, which would produce wealth and destroy the aristocracy.

32. Sociology and the Age of Revolution, Industrialization, and Urbanization
The Enlightenment produced an intellectual revolution in how people thought about social change, progress, and critical thinking.
Views of the philosophers regarding equal opportunity stirred political and economic revolutions in America and France.
The Industrial Revolution occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, when economic, technological, and social changes occurred as technology shifted from agriculture to manufacturing.

33. Sociology and the Age of Revolution, Industrialization, and Urbanization
Industrialization is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.
Urbanization is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.

35. August Comte Considered the “founder of sociology.”
Comte’s philosophy became known as positivism— a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry.
Comte believed objective, bias-free knowledge was attainable only through the use of science rather than religion.

36. Two Dimensions Of Comte’s Positivism
Methodological - the application of scientific knowledge to physical and social phenomena.
Social and political - the use of such knowledge to predict the likely results of different policies so that the best one could be chosen.

37. Harriet Martineau Believed society would improve when:
Women and men were treated equally.
Enlightened reform occurred.
Cooperation existed among all social classes.

38. Herbert Spencer
Spencer’s major contribution to sociology was an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change.
Social Darwinism - the belief that those human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.

39. Emile Durkheim
Believed the limits of human potential are socially, not biologically based.
One of his most important contributions to sociology was the idea that societies are built on social facts.
Social facts are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.

40. Durkheim continued…
Durkheim was concerned with social order and social stability
Recurring question: “How do societies manage to hold together?”
Pre-industrial societies held together by strong traditions and shared moral beliefs and values
Industrialized societies become interdependent due to specialized economic activity
Society becomes strained during periods of rapid social change where division of labour is produced
Breakdown in traditional organization, values, and authority and a dramatic increase in anomie

41. Durkheim continued…
Anomie: A condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.
Durkheim called “ the crucial figure in the development of sociology as an academic discipline…”
Proponent of the scientific approach to examining social facts outside of individuals…based on observation and systematic study
Founder of functionalist perspective

42. Karl Marx
Viewed history as a clash between conflicting ideas and forces.
Believed class conflict produced social change and a better society.
Combined ideas from philosophy, history, and social science into a new theory.
Believed society should not just be studied, it should be changed.

43. Karl Marx continued… Bourgeoisie - capitalist class
Those who own and control the means of production…
The tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society
Proletariat - working class
Those who must sell their labour because they have no other means to earn a livelihood.

44. Karl Marx continued…
Marx believed the capitalist class controls and exploits the masses by paying less than the value of their labour.
Alienation – a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.
Marx predicted the working class would become aware of its exploitation, overthrow the capitalists, and establish a free and classless society.

45. Max Weber
Believed sociological research should exclude personal values and economic interests.
Provided insights on rationalization, bureaucracy and religion.
Emphasized that research should be condicted in a scientific manner

46. Georg Simmel
Theorized about society as a web of patterned interactions among people.
Analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the size of the social group.
Developed formal sociology, an approach that focuses attention on the universal recurring social forms that underlie the varying content of social interaction.

47. Jane Adams
Founded Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses, in Chicago.
One of the authors of a methodology text used by sociologists for the next forty years.
Awarded Nobel Prize for assistance to the underprivileged.

48. W. E. B. Du Bois
One of the first to note the identity conflict of being both a black and an American.
Pointed out that people in the U.S. espouse values of democracy, freedom, and equality while they accept racism and group discrimination.

49. Question
____________examined religion, politics, child rearing, slavery, and immigration.
Auguste Comte
Harriet Martineau
Herbert Spencer
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx

50. Answer: b
Harriet Martineau examined religion, politics, child rearing, slavery, and immigration.

51. Question
_____________stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces.
Auguste Comte
Harriet Martineau
Herbert Spencer
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx

52. Answer: e
Karl Marx stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces.

53. Sociological Research
Theory - a set of logically interrelated statements that attempt to describe, explain, and predict social events.
Research is the process of collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one.
The relationship between theory and research has been referred to as a continuous cycle.

54. Theoretical Perspectives
Theory
View of Society
Functionalist
Composed of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability.
Conflict
Society is characterized by social inequality; social life is a struggle for scarce resources.

55. Theoretical Perspectives
Theory
View of Society
Symbolic Interactionist
Behavior is learned in interaction with other people.
Postmodernist
Postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications bring into question assumptions about social life and the nature of reality.

56. Question
Which sociological perspective do you think explains the concept of inequality in our society the most accurately?
Structural-functional
Conflict
Symbolic Interactionist
Feminist

57. Question
____ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.
Functionalist
Interactionist
Conflict
Feminist

58. Answer: a
Functionalist perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.

59. Question
_____ perspectives are based on the assumption that groups are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.
Functionalist
Interactionist
Conflict
Feminist

60. Answer: c
Conflict perspectives are based on the assumption that groups are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

61. Sociology and Anthropology
Anthropology seeks to understand human existence over geographic space and evolutionary time.
Sociology seeks to understand contemporary social organization, relations, and change.

62. Sociology and Psychology
Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes - what occurs in the mind.
Sociological research examines the effects of groups, organizations, and institutions on social life.

63. Sociology and Economics
Economists attempt to explain how the limited resources of a society are allocated among competing demands.
Economists focus on economic systems such as monetary policy, inflation, and the national debt.
Sociologists focus on a number of social institutions, one of which is the economy.

64. Sociology and Political Science
Political scientists concentrate on political institutions.
Sociologists study political institutions within the context of other social institutions, such as families.

65. Quick Quiz

66. Sociology is the systematic study of:
intuition and commonsense knowledge.
human society and social interaction.
the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a society.
personality and human development.

67. Answer: b
Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social interaction.

68. 2. The ability to provide theory and research beyond one's own country enveloping countries all over the world is known as a _____ approach.
global
developed nation
developing nation
personal awareness

69. Answer: a
The ability to provide theory and research beyond one's own country enveloping countries all over the world is known as a global approach.

70. 3. ______________ is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.
Urbanization
Globalization
Industrialization
Gentrification
none of these choices

71. Answer: c
Industrialization is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

72. 4. The idea that research should be conducted in a scientific manner and would exclude the researcher’s personal values and economic interests was emphasized by:
Jane Addams.
Karl Marx.
Georg Simmel.
Max Weber.

73. Answer: d
The idea that research should be conducted in a scientific manner and would exclude the researcher’s personal values and economic interests was emphasized by Max Weber.

74. 5. Who believed that the limits of human potential are socially based, not biologically based?
Auguste Comte
Harriet Martineau
Herbert Spencer
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx

75. Answer: d
Emile Durkheim believed that the limits of human potential are socially based, not biologically based.

76. 6. Where was the first department of sociology established?
Ohio
Michigan
Chicago
Texas
California

77. Answer: c
The first department of sociology was established in Chicago.

78. 7. Emphasis was placed on the individual’s possession of critical reasoning and experience during:
the industrial revolution.
the Enlightenment.
urbanization.
the Middle Ages.

79. Answer: b
Emphasis was placed on the individual’s possession of critical reasoning and experience during the Enlightenment.

80. 8. The early social thinker who coined the term Sociology and his or her philosophy became known as positivism is:
Karl Marx.
Emile Durkheim.
Auguste Comte.
Harriet Martineau.

81. Answers: c
The early social thinker who coined the term Sociology and his or her philosophy became known as positivism is Auguste Comte.

82. Resources
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