1. Chapter 3 Migration

2. Why People Migrate Reasons for migrating –Push & pull factors Economic Cultural Environmental – Intervening obstacles Distance of migration –Internal migration –International migration Characteristics of migrants –Gender –Family status

3. Migration Push factor - Drive away people, i.e., starvation, political and religious persecution, climate and geography Pull factor - Attract people, i.e., economic opportunity, religious and political liberty Migration chains - write home, also pave the way with (13) financial assistance

4. Migration of Peoples Prehistoric – DNA analysis, scientists believe all humans descend from single stock in Africa 150,000 to 200,000 years ago Large Migrations –Europe to the Americas –33.6 million (1821-1920) –African Diaspora – migration of Africans out of Africa –Europe to Asia & Oceania – 550,000 to China (1860-1900), 2 million to –Europe to Africa – 1.2 million to Algeria, 200,000 to South Africa –Indian –20 million outside of India –Overseas Chinese – (18) 50 million outside of China

9. Migration Today 2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth Characteristics –Many poor, uneducated, unskilled –Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity –Many also highly educated and skilled Refugees – a well founded fear of being persecuted in his country or origin for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular group or political opinion, U.S. also includes sexual orientation –Defined by 1951 Geneva convention –Asylum - signatories to the convention are obligated to accept refugees

10. International Migration Increased apprehension in refugee receiving countries –“Compassion fatigue” –Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises Emigration –Worker’s remittances – money sent home from abroad Mexico = 3 rd largest source of foreign exchange, workers send home $10 billion dollars a year

11. Refugees and Asylum 140 Governments have signed the 1951 UN Convention –B/c of the persecution one would face, they are entitled to (25) protection against return to their country Asylum Seeker –Seeking protection even though they are not a formal refugee (someone waiting for refugee status) –UN article 14 states that “Everyone has the right to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution” Internally Displaced Person – move from one part of their country b/c of famine, war, ethnic cleansing, etc. –UN has guiding principles on internal displacement

12. International Migration Europe as a destination –16 million immigrants –7-10 percent of host country population –Problems = religion, education –Contributions = entrepreneurs Migration of Asians –4-5 million work abroad –Remittances important –Loss to home communities

13. Migration to the US and Canada US –Largest migration flow to US –10% US population foreign born –Immigration quotas restrict immigration –Implications Hispanics as proportion of US population – surpassed # of African Americans in 2002 Canada –18.4 percent population foreign born –94 percent live in metro areas

15. New Controversies Additional costs for public services? Importing poverty? –Poverty – native born 12.15, immigrants 18% Local costs of immigration –California “Melting pot” or “cultural mosaic”? – Is there an American culture?

16. Additional Key Terms. Brain Drain – large scale immigration of talented and skilled people Chain Migration – entering a place b/c relatives have already located Circulation – repetitive movements that occur on a regular basis Net Migration – D/f b/t the number of immigrants and emigrants Mobility – movement from one place to another

17. Key Terms Cont… Intervening Obstacle – env. or cultural hinderence to migration International Migration – permanent movement from one country to another Internal Migration – permanent migration within a country Interregional Migration – movement from one region to another region in a country Intraregional Migration – movement within a region Voluntary Migration –chosen to move for economic improvement. Forced Migration – compelled to move by cultural factors

18. Key Terms. Cont… Migration Transition Model –International Migration – primarily occurs in stage 2 countries (moving for jobs) –Internal Migration – primarily occurs in stage 3 and 4 (countries become a destination for immigration) Quotas – maximum number of people who can immigrate Guest Workers- temporary employees, in Europe covered under labor laws and paid min. wage Counterurbanization – migrating from urban to rural areas

19. Refugees: Sources & Destinations Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

20. Hurricane Katrina Migrants A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

21. Scene from The Grapes of Wrath The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

22. Migration Patterns Global migration patterns U.S. immigration patterns –Colonial immigration –19th-century immigration –Recent immigration Impact of immigration on the U.S. –Legacy of European migration –Undocumented immigration –Destination of immigrants within the U.S.

23. Global Migration Patterns Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

24. Net Migration (per population) Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

25. Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

26. US Immigration Patterns 1 million Europeans migrated to the American colonies prior to independence from England Another 1 million European immigrants from late 1700s to 1840 400,000 African Americans were forced to migrate Slavery outlawed in 1808, another 250,000 forced to US until mid 1800s

27. 19 th Century European Immigration –40 million to the US –Largest number of European immigrants from Germany –¼ German ancestry, 1/8 to Irish and English First Peak of European Immigration –4.3 million during 1840s and 1850s, 95% from Europe Second peak of European Immigration –Declined during Civil War –European countries entering Stage 2 caused migration Third Peak –Early 20 th Century 90% from Europe mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe

28. Immigration Policies of US US Quota Laws –Unrestricted immigration ended with Quota Act in 1921 and National Origins Act in 1924 Each country that had native born people living in the US, 2 percent of their number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate each year Limited immigration from Eastern Hemisphere to 150,000/year –Immigration Act of 1965, country quotas replaced with Hemisphere Quotas, 170,000 E. Hem. & 120,000 W. Hemisphere –1978 – transitioned to global quota of 290,0090 and 20,000 per country –Current law has a global quota of 620,000, no more than 7 percent from each country, does not apply to refugees 480,00 family sponsored immigrants and 140,000 employment immigrants ¾ of immigrants admitted to unify families, typical wait for spouse entry is 5 years

29. New York Harbor and Ellis Island Ellis Island is connected to New Jersey by bridge. Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty are south of Ellis Island.

30. Ellis Island

31. Immigrants to the US

32. Part 2 Guest workers – are citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East –Europe – protected by minimum wage laws, labor union contracts, earn more than they would at home –700,000 immigrants enter Europe legally, 500,000 illegally UK – severely restricts immigrants – citizens of former colonies were sometimes allowed to become British citizens Time Contract Workers – millions of Asian workers migrated in 19 th Century to work in mines and plantations. (33 million overseas)

33. Economic Migrants and Refugees US, Canada, and Western Europe treat two groups differently Emigrants from Cuba – US regards emigrants as political refugees since 1959 –600,000 initialed immigrated, 125,000 in 1980 Haitians have sought refugee status in the US Vietnam air lift and boat people (800,000 in US and 1 million in other countries)

34. Migration Between Regions of a Country US center of population has moved west from East Chesapeake Bay to Missouri –Settlement of Interior –Settlement of the Great Plains –Recent Growth of the South Russia – forced migration to the North (factories) Brazil – capital moved to Brasilia Indonesia – 5 million people subsidized to move to Java Europe – Italy south to north, UK north to south India – restrictions to Assam

35. Migration Within One Region Migration from Rural to Urban Areas –Began in 1880s in Europe and N. America US 5% in 1800 to 50% in 1920 –20 million each year from rural to urban, most for economic advancement Migration from Urban to Suburban –Most developed countries Migration from Metropolitan to Non-metro areas –Late 20 th Century counterurbanization (lifestyle) and retirement (overall has stopped in US)

36. Migration from Asia to the U.S. Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

37. Migration from Latin America to the U.S. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

38. Undocumented Immigrants in the US Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

39. U.S. - Mexico Border at Tijuana The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

40. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

41. Guest Workers in Europe Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

42. Turkish Kebab Stand in Germany

43. Emigration from China Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.

44. Migration of Vietnamese Boat People Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

45. Anti- Immigration Protest in Spain Spanish youths attacked Moroccan immigrants in El Ejido, Spain after an alleged murder.

46. Migration within a Country Migration between regions of a country –Migration between regions within the U.S –Migration between regions in other countries Migration within one region –Rural-urban migration –Urban-suburban migration –Migration from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan regions

47. Center of Population in the U.S. Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

48. Echo Canyon, northeastern Utah Echo Canyon was one of many obstacles to 19th century wagon trains heading west.

49. Interregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003

50. U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995

51. U.S. Interregional Migration, 2003

52. Brasilia, Brazil Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

53. Intraregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

54. Net Migration by County, 2000-04 Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains