1. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 DRILL HOMEWORK 20 April 10 1.Bring your protractor and compass to class Thursday for the quiz (you should always bring them to class) 2.Study today and Wednesday for Quiz on energy and power Thursday.

2. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW: U NIT 3 – E NERGY AND P OWER Topic 1: Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels FUEL: a material used to produce heat or power Most of the following are power plants – what is the fuel shown/used in each image?

3. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 1.Non-renewable 1.Fossil Fuels Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil) 2.Nuclear – Uranium ore 2.Renewable Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind REVIEW: Fuel Types Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels

4. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal 1.Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial plants that died around 350 million years ago. 2.Plant remains preserved in water and mud. Heat and Pressure

5. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal Methods of Extraction Underground Mining: 60% of world production 33% of U.S. mining Uses timber for support tunnel Machines enter and extract coal Surface (Strip) Mining: More coal extracted than underground mining Exposes coal by removing land above deposits

6. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal Uses - INDUSTRY Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc. U.S.

7. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 1.Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand. 2.50-100 million years – remains buried deeper. 3.Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas. REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

8. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction California, 1938

9. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas 1.Often referred to as “gas” 2.Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C CH 4 – Methane C 3 H 8 – Propane

10. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, Uranium (U) is an energy source that must be processed before use. Front End: preparing the fuel Service Period: using fuel in reactor Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

11. REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 1.Exploration: 1)U is 500 times more abundant than gold 2)Traces can be found everywhere – all rocks and soils, rivers and oceans, food and human tissue 2.Mining and Milling: 1)Mining – surface (strip) or underground mining 2)Milling – grind up ore, use sulfuric acid to separate U from waste rock – “yellow cake” U 3 O 8 3.Conversion: U must be converted into a gas before it can be enriched (uranium hexafluoride – UF 6 )

12. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Uranium Ore Yellow Cake UF 6

13. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 4.Enrichment: increase concentration of U-235 and remove 85% of U-238 Depleted Uranium: removed U-238, which includes.25% U-235, is used in metal to form yacht keels, radiation shielding, and (controversially) weapons as ammunition. Keel

14. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 5.Fuel Fabrication: 1)UF 6 converted to UO 2 powder 2)Powder converted to pellets 3)Pellets stacked in tubes 4)These are nuclear fuel rods 5)Groups of rods make up fuel assembly 6)Hundreds of assemblies make up reactor core

15. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front End: preparing the fuel 1.Exploration 2.Mining and Milling 3.Conversion 4.Enrichment 5.Fabrication Service Period: using fuel in reactor Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

16. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 1.Electricity Generation 1)Transport of radioactive materials 2)In-core fuel management Old fuel rods must be changed periodically (1/3 at a time) 2.Food and Agriculture 1)FDA approved irradiation of food 2)Kills bacteria, insects, and parasites

17. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW : Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 3.Nuclear medicine – Imaging 1)Most medical imaging is anatomical – deals only with structures 2)Nuclear imaging shows physiological functioning of organs 3)Radiotracer injected into blood, inhaled, or ingested 4)“Gamma camera” detects energy given off (PET scan – Positron Emission Tomography)

18. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear 3.Nuclear weapons 1)Only two known uses of nuclear weapons use – Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period “Fat Man” “Little Boy”

19. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front End: preparing the fuel 1.Exploration 2.Mining and Milling 3.Conversion 4.Enrichment 5.Fabrication Service Period: using fuel in reactor Electricity, Medicine, Food and Agriculture, Military Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

20. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Two options for spent fuel: Interim storage and final disposal Reprocessing to recover usable portion 1.Interim Storage: 1)Used fuel assemblies: hot and highly radioactive 2)Stored in special ponds usually near reactor site 3)Water is radiation barrier and cools fuel

21. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End 2.Reprocessing Reprocessing separates U and Pu from waste products – chop up fuel rods and dissolve them in acid to separate materials 1)U enrichment a)Spent fuel contains ~96% of original U b)U-235 reduced to 1% c)Therefore, send back to enrichment 2)Plutonium (Pu) a)Spent fuel contains ~1% radioactive Pu b)Can be blended with enriched U for new fuel c)One of the most highly toxic elements known

22. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Background Chemistry The number of protons are the atomic number. Uranium’s atomic number is 92 Atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes – “same place” Isotope U-235 is the only fissile isotope found in nature

23. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 1.Non-renewable 1.Fossil Fuels Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil) 2.Nuclear – Uranium ore 2.Renewable Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind Fuel Types Topic 1 REVIEW: Energy Sources – Fuels We’ll get to the rest in “Power Plants” DONE

24. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 1.Fuels produced from renewable resources 2.Renewable Resources: A natural resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users. Renewable Fuels Topic 1 REVIEW: Energy Sources – Fuels

25. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel 1.Any fuel with an 80% minimum content by volume of materials derived from living organisms harvested within 10 years of fuel manufacture 2.Ford’s “Model T” – 1 st affordable automobile – designed to run on ethanol 3.The diesel engine – invented 1897 – was designed to run on biodiesel 4.Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, biofuel is a form of stored solar energy 5.It is biodegradable

26. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel 1.Bio Waste – biogas (methane) 1)Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ~70% of landfill MSW is biofuel material 2)Sewage sludge 3)Animal waste and manure 4)Used oils 2.Edible Foods Animal fats, vegetable oils, seeds, corn, wheat, sugar beets, sugar cane, etc. Sources

27. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel 3.Non-edible Parts of Foods Agricultural residues (peels, skins, husks, straw, cores, fish heads) 4.Algae 1)Yields of algal oil are greater than traditional oilseeds 2)Can grow for from farmlands and forests, minimizing damage to those ecosystems/food chains 3)Can be grown in sewages and next to smokestack to digest pollutants and give oil Sources (cont.)

28. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 3.Biodiesel 1)Diesel engine was invented to run on peanut oil 2)Most common biofuel in Europe 3)Packs as much energy as its fossil fuel counterpart 4)Can be used in existing diesel engines with little modification 5)Made from vegetable oils – soybean, canola, hemp 6)Made from animal fats 7)Made from algae REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Biofuel Types "The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time“ Rudolf Diesel, 1912

29. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 4.Biogas 1)Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic material a)Anaerobic digestion – microorganisms break down biodegradables in absence of oxygen b)Organic material – a once-living organism, capable of decay, or the product of decay 2)Landfills (70% of landfill) and other biodegradable wastes 3)Manure and other sources currently released into atmosphere 4)Biogas contains methane REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Biofuel Types

30. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 5.Solid Biofuels – Biomass 1)Wood, sawdust, grass cuttings, domestic refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, non-food energy crops, and dried manure 2)When already in usable form (firewood), can be burned directly for heat or produce steam (for electricity generation) 3)When not in usable form, create pellets out of material to be burned in pellet stove REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Wood pellet stove

31. Graph of U.S. Biofuel Production Note: 2006/07 through 2010/11 are projected based on the February 9, 2007, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, the March 2, 2007, Grains and Oilseeds Outlook 2007, and the February 2007 USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016. REVIEW NOTE: -The most common fuel in Europe is Biodiesel -The most common fuel worldwide is Ethanol

32. REVIEW

33. World’s Largest Producer of Ethanol REVIEW L argest Ethanol Producer Brazil

34. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front End: preparing the fuel 1.Exploration 2.Mining and Milling 3.Conversion 4.Enrichment 5.Fabrication Service Period: using fuel in reactor Electricity, Medicine, Food and Agriculture, Military Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

35. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels You will draw this pie chart in your notebook. The %s shown in chart are drawn exactly that % of a circle. 1 circle = 360 degrees. REVIEW

36. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels 1.Calculate angles Circle = 360 degrees a.Oil =.42 x 360 = b.NG =.22 x 360 = c.Coal =.24 x 360 = d.Nuclear =.06 x 360 = e.Renew. =.07 x 360 = 2.Make sure all angles add up to 360 degrees. ~151 ~79 ~86 ~22 ~25 We are 3 degrees over. Take 1 degree from 3 angles above REVIEW

37. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels 2.Get out your compass and protractor 3.Draw circle with 3” diameter 4.Draw light vertical line up from center point to perimeter d.3” REVIEW

38. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels 5.Measure angles and draw construction lines 6.Go in order from largest % to smallest %, clockwise. REVIEW

39. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels If correct: 7.Darken lines and label Oil – 41% NG – 22% Coal – 24% Renewables 7% Nuclear 6% 1997 Global Energy Consumption by Type BEWARE when using Pie Charts: 1.Avoid using Pie Charts when > 6 or 7 components. There are 5 in our example. 2.If %s are similar, it’s difficult to tell the difference between slices. REVIEW