1. Clauses Subordinate (or dependent) clause– does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence Subordinate (or dependent) clause– does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence Note: Note: Subordinate means “lesser in rank or importance” Subordinate means “lesser in rank or importance” Subordinate clauses must be joined with at least one independent clause to make a sentence and express a complete thought. Subordinate clauses must be joined with at least one independent clause to make a sentence and express a complete thought. Ex: Ex: If you finish on time If you finish on time Which we found on the sidewalk Which we found on the sidewalk

2. Hint: Words often used to begin subordinate clauses: Words often used to begin subordinate clauses: Afterhowunless Afterhowunless Althoughifuntil Althoughifuntil Assincewhen Assincewhen Whoas ifwhenever Whoas ifwhenever Becausethatwhether Becausethatwhether Beforethroughwhich Beforethroughwhich

3. Adjective Clauses Note: Note: Usually follows the noun or pronoun it modifies Usually follows the noun or pronoun it modifies Answers questions: Answers questions: Which one? or What kind? Which one? or What kind? Ex: Ex: Jordan, whose aunt once rode on the space shuttle, is visiting her this summer. Jordan, whose aunt once rode on the space shuttle, is visiting her this summer. The doctor looked at the notes that the nurse had written. The doctor looked at the notes that the nurse had written. Grandfather gave me that arrowhead, which has been in our family for generations. Grandfather gave me that arrowhead, which has been in our family for generations. What was the name of the man who helped us? What was the name of the man who helped us?

4. Adverb Clauses Note: Note: Answers the questions: How? Where? Why? How? Where? Why? How much? How long? How much? How long? Under what conditions? To what extent? Under what conditions? To what extent? Ex: Ex: Tiny wildflowers sprang up wherever they could. Tiny wildflowers sprang up wherever they could. Wind blew softly across the sand dunes while the caravan made it’s way home. Wind blew softly across the sand dunes while the caravan made it’s way home. As soon as the cat comes in, it must be fed. As soon as the cat comes in, it must be fed. I’m not going if you’re not going. I’m not going if you’re not going. To our surprise, when we entered the woods, animals were foraging all around us. To our surprise, when we entered the woods, animals were foraging all around us.

5. Adjective & Adverb Clauses tell whether the clause is independent or if it is an adjective or adverb clause The horses were annoyed when we put the saddle on them. The horses were annoyed when we put the saddle on them. independent independent Aloe plants, which originated in Africa, are now widely available in the United States. Aloe plants, which originated in Africa, are now widely available in the United States. Subordinate – adjective clause Subordinate – adjective clause As far as scientist can tell, there is no connection between these two events. As far as scientist can tell, there is no connection between these two events. independent independent If you adjust the blinds, you won’t have that glare on your monitor. If you adjust the blinds, you won’t have that glare on your monitor. Subordinate – adverb clause Subordinate – adverb clause Southeast Asia depends heavily on the seasonal rain that the monsoons bring. Southeast Asia depends heavily on the seasonal rain that the monsoons bring. independent independent

6. Adjective & Adverb Clauses tell whether the clause is independent or if it is an adjective or adverb clause The quilt, which was quite old, had been made by Beverly’s grandmother. The quilt, which was quite old, had been made by Beverly’s grandmother. Independent Independent Stay with us as long as you want. Stay with us as long as you want. Subordinate – adverb clause Subordinate – adverb clause Three Indian elephants patiently towed the logs that had just been cut. Three Indian elephants patiently towed the logs that had just been cut. Subordinate – adjective clause Subordinate – adjective clause You were always singing when you were little. You were always singing when you were little. Independent Independent The Forbidden City, where China’s emperors lived, is enclosed by walls. The Forbidden City, where China’s emperors lived, is enclosed by walls. Subordinate - adjective clause Subordinate - adjective clause