2. Arithmetic Density – the total number of people per a unit of land area. U.S. = 76/mi2; NYC=1,000,000/mi2; Australia = 7/mi2

3. Physiological Density – the total number of people per a unit of arable (farmable) land.

4. Thomas Malthus on Population
An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
Malthus, responding to Condorcet, predicted population would outrun food supply, leading to a decrease in food per person.
Assumptions
Populations grow exponentially.
Food supply grows arithmetically.
Food shortages and chaos inevitable.

5. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children per woman in her childbearing years.
TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

6. Mother’s Index
Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children
Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

7. Diseases Sources of diseases Spread of diseases
Infectious diseases: Spread from person to person
Vectored: Spread through intermediary, such as an insect
Nonvectored: Spread directly from person to person
Chronic or degenerative diseases: Diseases of old age
Genetic or inherited diseases: Passed through genes
Spread of diseases
Endemic: Present in small area
Epidemic: Spreads over large region
Pandemic: Spreads worldwide

8. Doubling Time
Number of years for a population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest)
Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down)
Doubling time = 54 years
Doubling time = 45 years

9. Rate of Natural Increase
Difference between births and deaths
Does not include immigration and emigration

10. The Demographic Transition

11. Demographic Transition Model
Stage one (preindustrial/pre-agricultural)
Crude birth/death rate high
Fragile, but stable, population
Stage two (improved agriculture and medicine)
Lower death rates
Infant mortality rate falls
Natural increase very high
Stage three (attitudes change)
Indicative of richer developed countries
Higher standards of living/education
Crude birth rate finally falls
Stage four
Crude birth/death rates low
Population stable
Populations aging

12. Problems with the Demographic Transition Model
based on European experience, assumes all countries will progress to complete industrialization
many countries reducing growth rate dramatically without increase in wealth – TV and family planning seem to be at work
on the other hand, some countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage 3, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East

13. Population Pyramids for Poor Countries
High infant mortality
Short life expectancy
Rapid population growth

14. Population Pyramids for Wealthy Countries
Low infant mortality
Long life expectancy, especially for females
Little or no growth, even natural decrease

15. What Is Migration? Movement
Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a short period
Commuting
Seasonal movement
Nomadism
Periodic movement: Movement away from home for a longer period.
Migrant labor
Transhumance
Military service
Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent

16. Types of Migration Circular migration Spring Summer
Fall / Winter
Spring
Summer
Circular migration
A type of temporary migration.
Associated with agricultural work.
The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.
Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

17. International migration:
Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence)

18. Internal migration:
Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence)

19. Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Why do people migrate?
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Emigration and immigration
Change in residence.
Relative to origin and destination.
Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

20. Why Do People Migrate?
Forced migration: Movers have no choice but to relocate

21. Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838

22. Kinds of Voluntary Migration
Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of stages, or steps, toward a final destination.
Intervening opportunity : At one of the steps along
the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there
Chain migration: Further migration to a place where friends or relatives have already settled

23. Voluntary Migration Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide
Whether to move
Where to go
Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their old home than they originally contemplate

24. Ravenstein’s Laws (Gravity Model)
Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration.
The majority of migrations move a short distance.
Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.
Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

25. Major Global Migration Flows
(before 1950)

26. Migration for Economic Opportunity
Chinese migration in late 1800s and 1900s throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance

27. Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups
Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948
Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)

28. Internal Migration Flows

29. Guest Workers
Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides
 Have short term work visas
 Send remittances to home country

30. How Do Governments Affect Migration?
Immigration laws
U.S. history
Little restriction
Quotas by nationality
Selective immigration

31. Which Stage of the DTM?

32. Which Stage of the DTM?

33. Match: Laredo, TX; Naples, FL; USA

34. Match: Detroit, MI; Lawrence, KS; Unalaska, AK; or USA

35. Why are most South American Population centers located at or near the coast?
The colonial economies were export-oriented.
The wars of independence damaged many inland cities.
Few Amerindian population centers were located on the coast.
Latin American armed forces have extensive plans for the defense of coastal sites.
The climate is generally warmer on the coast and cooler in the highlands

36. Why are most South American Population centers located at or near the coast?
The colonial economies were export-oriented.
The wars of independence damaged many inland cities.
Few Amerindian population centers were located on the coast.
Latin American armed forces have extensive plans for the defense of coastal sites.
The climate is generally warmer on the coast and cooler in the highlands

37. Which of the following profiles characterizes the population group that is most likely to migrate?
Married, twenty-five years old
Single, twenty-five years old
Married, fifty years old
Single, fifty, years old
Married, sixty-five years old

38. Which of the following profiles characterizes the population group that is most likely to migrate?
Married, twenty-five years old
Single, twenty-five years old
Married, fifty years old
Single, fifty, years old
Married, sixty-five years old

39. In the early twenty-first century, the largest number of refugees is located on which of the following continents?
Africa
Australia
Europe
North America
South America

40. In the early twenty-first century, the largest number of refugees is located on which of the following continents?
Africa
Australia
Europe
North America
South America

41. All of the following twentieth-century migration streams were propelled by persecution or open conflict except
Asians leaving Uganda
Kosovars leaving Yugoslavia
Tutsis leaving Rwanda
Hindus leaving Pakistan
Mexicans leaving Mexico

42. All of the following twentieth-century migration streams were propelled by persecution or open conflict except
Asians leaving Uganda
Kosovars leaving Yugoslavia
Tutsis leaving Rwanda
Hindus leaving Pakistan
Mexicans leaving Mexico

43. Which of the following characteristics is currently shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand?
Low population-growth rates
Primate urban systems
High infant mortality rates
Membership in the European Union (EU)
More than ten percent of the population involved in sheep farming

44. Which of the following characteristics is currently shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand?
Low population-growth rates
Primate urban systems
High infant mortality rates
Membership in the European Union (EU)
More than ten percent of the population involved in sheep farming

45. a b c e d
On the map above, which letter represents the region of the greatest proportion of the Canadian population? A B C D E

46. a b c e d
On the map above, which letter represents the region of the greatest proportion of the Canadian population? A B C D E

47. One would expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure in
Less developing countries
Highly developed countries
Countries with a low death rate
Countries with a low fertility rate
Countries with a high standard of living.

48. One would expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure in
Less developing countries
Highly developed countries
Countries with a low death rate
Countries with a low fertility rate
Countries with a high standard of living.

49. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which of the following types of intraregional migration was the most prominent worldwide?
Rural to urban
Urban to suburban
Inland to coastal
Highland to lowland
Urban to rural

50. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which of the following types of intraregional migration was the most prominent worldwide?
Rural to urban
Urban to suburban
Inland to coastal
Highland to lowland
Urban to rural

51. In the century after the arrival of Europeans, which of the following changes occurred to the indigenous population of the Americas?
It increased dramatically because of new trade routes and industries.
It increased slowly with the introduction of new crops.
It remained about the same, since very few Europeans actually moved there.
It decreased dramatically with the introduction of new diseases.
It decreased slowly due to increased competition for land.

52. In the century after the arrival of Europeans, which of the following changes occurred to the indigenous population of the Americas?
It increased dramatically because of new trade routes and industries.
It increased slowly with the introduction of new crops.
It remained about the same, since very few Europeans actually moved there.
It decreased dramatically with the introduction of new diseases.
It decreased slowly due to increased competition for land.

53. Of the following countries, which has the fewest people per unit of arable land?
Guatemala
Bangladesh
Argentina
Netherlands
Egypt

54. Of the following countries, which has the fewest people per unit of arable land?
Guatemala
Bangladesh
Argentina
Netherlands
Egypt

55. Which population pyramid best represents a college town
Which population pyramid best represents a college town? a military base? A B C D E

56. Which population pyramid best represents a college town
Which population pyramid best represents a college town? a military base? A B C D E

57. Which population pyramid best represents a college town
Which population pyramid best represents a college town? a military base? A B C D E

58. Which of the following characteristics applies to more-developed countries?
Early stages of epidemiological transition
Long life expectancies
High total fertility
Rapid population growth
Early stages of the demographic transition

59. Which of the following characteristics applies to more-developed countries?
Early stages of epidemiological transition
Long life expectancies
High total fertility
Rapid population growth
Early stages of the demographic transition

60. Even though total fertility rates have been declining in some less-developed countries, the total population has continued to grow. This is primarily because a high percentage of the population is
Female
Male
Over the age of 15
Under the age of 15
Receiving adequate medical care

61. Even though total fertility rates have been declining in some less-developed countries, the total population has continued to grow. This is primarily because a high percentage of the population is
Female
Male
Over the age of 15
Under the age of 15
Receiving adequate medical care

62. The term that describes the concept that population will continue to grow even after fertility rates decline is known as
Demographic momentum
Demographic transition
Rate of natural increase
The population pyramid
The homeostatic plateau

63. The term that describes the concept that population will continue to grow even after fertility rates decline is known as
Demographic momentum
Demographic transition
Rate of natural increase
The population pyramid
The homeostatic plateau

64. Physiological population density differs from crude population density in that physiological density
Examines only the population of cities, while crude density includes the population of cities and rural areas.
Is a measure of how density is perceived, while crude density is a measure of specific density.
Explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit.
Explains the density of a single housing unit while crude density explains the density of a group of houses.
Is the number of people per housing unity, while crude density is the number of people per square mile

65. Physiological population density differs from crude population density in that physiological density
Examines only the population of cities, while crude density includes the population of cities and rural areas.
Is a measure of how density is perceived, while crude density is a measure of specific density.
Explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit.
Explains the density of a single housing unit while crude density explains the density of a group of houses.
Is the number of people per housing unity, while crude density is the number of people per square mile

66. Which of the following is a correct statement about the demographic transition model?
It is applicable only to eighteenth-century Europe.
It predicts the growth of population in Russia reasonably well.
It divides the demographic changes of a country into two stages of slow growth and high growth.
It supports the idea that technology can remove or extend the limits of food production.
It is characterized by relatively low growth at stage 1 and stage 4.

67. Which of the following is a correct statement about the demographic transition model?
It is applicable only to eighteenth-century Europe.
It predicts the growth of population in Russia reasonably well.
It divides the demographic changes of a country into two stages of slow growth and high growth.
It supports the idea that technology can remove or extend the limits of food production.
It is characterized by relatively low growth at stage 1 and stage 4.

68. The dependency ratio is most useful for indicating
Reliance of a country on imported fossil fuels.
Degree of gender equality within a country.
Relationship between the total fertility rate and the infant mortality rate.
Percentage of foreign ownership within the secondary sector of a country’s economy.
Relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder of a country’s population.

69. The dependency ratio is most useful for indicating
Reliance of a country on imported fossil fuels.
Degree of gender equality within a country.
Relationship between the total fertility rate and the infant mortality rate.
Percentage of foreign ownership within the secondary sector of a country’s economy.
Relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder of a country’s population.

70. Which of the following countries is the primary destination for guest workers from the Maghreb region of northern Africa?
France
Germany
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom

71. Which of the following countries is the primary destination for guest workers from the Maghreb region of northern Africa?
France
Germany
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom

72. The first wave of immigrants in the United States during the nineteenth century came from
Asia and Latin America.
Italy, Russia, and Poland.
England, Ireland, and Germany.
Sweden, Norway, and Slovakia
Africa and Oceania.

73. The first wave of immigrants in the United States during the nineteenth century came from
Asia and Latin America.
Italy, Russia, and Poland.
England, Ireland, and Germany.
Sweden, Norway, and Slovakia.
Africa and Oceania.

74. Which of the following migrations described below would be most likely to occur?
A married man and women with three small children moving for the United States to China
A middle-aged single man moving from London to rural Germany.
A young single woman moving from Lima, Peru to a rural Peruvian village
A young single man moving from rural New York to Albany, New York, and then to New York City.
A Chinese family of three moving from Shanghai to Beijing.

75. Which of the following migrations described below would be most likely to occur?
A married man and women with three small children moving for the United States to China
A middle-aged single man moving from London to rural Germany.
A young single woman moving from Lima, Peru to a rural Peruvian village
A young single man moving from rural New York to Albany, New York, and then to New York City.
A Chinese family of three moving from Shanghai to Beijing.

76. All of the following are recent examples of population movements by refugees forced to move from their homelands except
Palestinians for Israel.
Afghanis from Afghanistan to neighboring countries.
Koreans to Japan.
Tutsis from Rwanda to surrounding areas.
Muslims from India to Pakistan.

77. All of the following are recent examples of population movements by refugees forced to move from their homelands except
Palestinians for Israel.
Afghanis from Afghanistan to neighboring countries.
Koreans to Japan.
Tutsis from Rwanda to surrounding areas.
Muslims from India to Pakistan.

78. Which of the following is a group of countries with a steady or declining birth rates?
Niger, Mali, Uganda
Yemen, Chad, Djibouti
Benin, Haiti, Cameron
Madagascar, Bhutan, Iraq
Germany, Japan, Hong Kong

79. Which of the following is a group of countries with a steady or declining birth rates?
Niger, Mali, Uganda
Yemen, Chad, Djibouti
Benin, Haiti, Cameron
Madagascar, Bhutan, Iraq
Germany, Japan, Hong Kong

80. Which letter on the map best represents the area of population concentration for most Chinese cities? A B C D E b c e a d

81. Which letter on the map best represents the area of population concentration for most Chinese cities? A B C D E b c e a d

82. Most population pyramids for western European countries reflect an age structure that is
Very young, with most citizens at young ages, and very few at middle and older ages.
Larger in the middle than at young ages, with a relatively large number of older people.
Middle aged, with few citizens at young or old ages.
Very old, with most citizens falling in age groups above 50.
Evenly balanced, with almost as many people 80 and older as 15 or younger.

83. Most population pyramids for western European countries reflect an age structure that is
Very young, with most citizens at young ages, and very few at middle and older ages.
Larger in the middle than at young ages, with a relatively large number of older people.
Middle aged, with few citizens at young or old ages.
Very old, with most citizens falling in age groups above 50.
Evenly balanced, with almost as many people 80 and older as 15 or younger.

84. Which of the following is the best description of global migration patterns today?
People are moving from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere.
People are moving from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere.
People are moving from less developed countries to more developed countries.
People are moving from more developed countries to less developed countries.
People are moving from areas with colder climates to areas with warmer climates.

85. Which of the following is the best description of global migration patterns today?
People are moving from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere.
People are moving from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere.
People are moving from less developed countries to more developed countries.
People are moving from more developed countries to less developed countries.
People are moving from areas with colder climates to areas with warmer climates.

86. If individuals do not travel outside a very small area because they are unaware of opportunity locations beyond their activity spaces, they would have limited
Intervening opportunities.
Migration selectivity.
Awareness spaces.
Spatial interactions.
Population concentrations.

87. If individuals do not travel outside a very small area because they are unaware of opportunity locations beyond their activity spaces, they would have limited
Intervening opportunities.
Migration selectivity.
Awareness spaces.
Spatial interactions.
Population concentrations.

88. In which of the following scenarios would a country be most likely to succeed in limitng population growth within its borders?
A small country where most people farm for a living.
A country with a centralized government and a growing industrial base.
An industrialized country with strong regional governments.
A country with a large illegal net in-migration
A country with a decreasing mortality rate.

89. In which of the following scenarios would a country be most likely to succeed in limitng population growth within its borders?
A small country where most people farm for a living.
A country with a centralized government and a growing industrial base.
An industrialized country with strong regional governments.
A country with a large illegal net in-migration
A country with a decreasing mortality rate.

90. If a geographer reasons that spatial interaction is directly related to the size of the population and inversely related to the distance between them, (s)he is making use of
The gravity model.
The space-time prism.
Zero population growth.
Migration selectivity.
The epidemiological transition.

91. If a geographer reasons that spatial interaction is directly related to the size of the population and inversely related to the distance between them, (s)he is making use of
The gravity model.
The space-time prism.
Zero population growth.
Migration selectivity.
The epidemiological transition.

92. The map above shows that the population of China is
Spread out evenly across the country.
Larger than that of any other country in the world.
Ethnically diverse.
Concentrated in the east along river valleys and the coast.
Mainly rural, although a growing number of people live in cities.

93. The map above shows that the population of China is
Spread out evenly across the country.
Larger than that of any other country in the world.
Ethnically diverse.
Concentrated in the east along river valleys and the coast.
Mainly rural, although a growing number of people live in cities.

94. Since the beginning of human history, people have tended to live around
The area between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.
Cooler mountain areas.
High flat land long distances from coastal areas.
Areas least susceptible to flooding.
Bodies of water.

95. Since the beginning of human history, people have tended to live around
The area between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.
Cooler mountain areas.
High flat land long distances from coastal areas.
Areas least susceptible to flooding.
Bodies of water.

96. The total number of people divided by total land areas gives us a measure known as
Arithmetic density.
Sustainability.
Physiological population density.
Carrying capacity.
Population concentration.

97. The total number of people divided by total land areas gives us a measure known as
Arithmetic density.
Sustainability.
Physiological population density.
Carrying capacity.
Population concentration.

98. Which two historical events most dramatically shortened the doubling rate of world population growth?
The Neolithic Revolution and Second Agricultural Revolution.
The Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution and the Green Revolution.
The Columbian Exchange and the Green Revolution.
The Columbian Exchange and the Second Agricultural Revolution.

99. Which two historical events most dramatically shortened the doubling rate of world population growth?
The Neolithic Revolution and Second Agricultural Revolution.
The Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution and the Green Revolution.
The Columbian Exchange and the Green Revolution.
The Columbian Exchange and the Second Agricultural Revolution.

100. The principles of exponential growth versus linear growth shaped the population theories of
Thomas Malthus
Ernst Ravenstein
Carl Sauer
George Perkins Marsh
Immanuel Kant

101. The principles of exponential growth versus linear growth shaped the population theories of
Thomas Malthus
Ernst Ravenstein
Carl Sauer
George Perkins Marsh
Immanuel Kant

102. The crude birth rate is based on the number of live births in a given year
For every 1000 women of childbearing age.
Minus the number of deaths.
Minus the number of deaths among infants under one year of age.
Plus the migration rate.
For every 1000 people in the population.

103. The crude birth rate is based on the number of live births in a given year
For every 1000 women of childbearing age.
Minus the number of deaths.
Minus the number of deaths among infants under one year of age.
Plus the migration rate.
For every 1000 people in the population.

104. Which of the following is a modern example of one of Thomas Malthus’s negative checks?
Birth control policies
Abstinence
Pandemics
Out-migration
In-migration

105. Which of the following is a modern example of one of Thomas Malthus’s negative checks?
Birth control policies
Abstinence
Pandemics
Out-migration
In-migration

106. All of the following are concepts important in shaping Ravenstein’s 11 migration laws except
Distance decay
Step migration
Intervening opportunities
Demographic momentum
Critical distance

107. All of the following are concepts important in shaping Ravenstein’s 11 migration laws except
Distance decay
Step migration
Intervening opportunities
Demographic momentum
Critical distance

108. Which of the following sets of countries currently have net in-migrations?
China, India, and Australia
New Zealand, the United States, and Germany
Japan, Indonesia, and Mexico
Brazil, South Africa, and Britain
Canada, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia

109. Which of the following sets of countries currently have net in-migrations?
China, India, and Australia
New Zealand, the United States, and Germany
Japan, Indonesia, and Mexico
Brazil, South Africa, and Britain
Canada, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia

110. Before the 20th century, most immigrations to the United States came from
East Asia and Latin America
Southern and Eastern Europe
Northern and Western Europe
Latin America and Northern Africa
The Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa

111. Before the 20th century, most immigrations to the United States came from
East Asia and Latin America
Southern and Eastern Europe
Northern and Western Europe
Latin America and Northern Africa
The Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa

112. A major source of discord in French society is the division between native French and immigrants from
Southern and Eastern Europe.
The Middle East.
Southeast Asia.
Northern and equatorial Africa.
East Asia.

113. A major source of discord in French society is the division between native French and immigrants from
Southern and Eastern Europe.
The Middle East.
Southeast Asia.
Northern and equatorial Africa.
East Asia.

114. Traditionally, the Ganges Valley and the Nile valley had has comparatively high population densities because of their
Tropical climate.
Heavy industrialization.
In-migration from neighboring arid areas.
Intensive agriculture based on irrigation.
Designation as sacred sites.

115. Traditionally, the Ganges Valley and the Nile valley had has comparatively high population densities because of their
Tropical climate.
Heavy industrialization.
In-migration from neighboring arid areas.
Intensive agriculture based on irrigation.
Designation as sacred sites.

116. Which of the following is most characteristic of societies currently in the last stage of demographic transition?
Hyperinflation
Unemployment
Youth dependency
Aging population
Overpopulation

117. Which of the following is most characteristic of societies currently in the last stage of demographic transition?
Hyperinflation
Unemployment
Youth dependency
Aging population
Overpopulation