1. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 1 Core Concept 7-1 Human memory is an information processing system that works constructively (active interpretation).

2. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 2 Memory Factors attention interested emotional arousal similar previous experiences. rehearsal

3. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 3 EncodingStorage Access and Retrieval Memory’s Three Basic Functions

4. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 4 EncodingStorage Access and Retrieval Information modified to fit preferred format Memory’s Three Basic Functions

5. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 5 EncodingStorage Access and Retrieval Retention of encoded material over time Memory’s Three Basic Functions

6. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 6 EncodingStorage Access and Retrieval Location and recovery of information from memory Memory’s Three Basic Functions

7. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 7 Core Concept 7-2 Three stages of memory work together to transform sensory experiences into memories.

8. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 8 The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory

9. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 9 Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Brief sensory impressions of stimuli

10. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 10 Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Briefly holds recent experiences also called short-term memory or STM

11. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 11 Working Memory Techniques Maintenance Rehearsal-info is repeated over and over to keep it in STM. Chunking-info grouped into smaller number of meaningful units. Elaborative rehearsal-info is actively reviewed and related to info already in LTM

12. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 12 The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Stores material according to meaning, also called LTM

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14. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 14 Components of LTM

15. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 15 Declarative Memories Semantic Memories-facts or knowledge Episodic Memories-events or personal experiences

16. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 16 Procedural Memory

17. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 17 Eidetic Imagery “Photographic memory” Especially clear and persistent memory Rare (more in children) Can be a curse

18. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 18 Flashbulb Memories an exceptionally clear LTM a meaningful and emotional event some are personal (death of a loved one, graduation, etc.) some are common to others (9-11, JFK, etc.)

19. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 19 JFK Assassinated in Dallas, 1963

20. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 20 Jack Ruby Kills Oswald

21. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 21 September 11, 2001

22. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 22 O.J. Found Not Guilty, 9/26/95

23. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 23 Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory Engram–physical trace of memory Consolidation-biochemical process of changing STM into LTM. Location in Brain-Hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex involved.

24. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 24 Core Concept 7-3 Whether memories are implicit or explicit, successful retrieval depends on how they were encoded and how they are cued. (Skip this one.)

25. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 25 Core Concept 7-4 Most of our memory problems arise from memory’s “seven sins”--which are really by-products of otherwise adaptive features of human memory.

26. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 26 Memory Failures Memory problems such as forgetting are bothersome but also keep us from being overwhelmed with information no longer needed.

27. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 27 #1 Transience Memories not permanent but weaken with time.

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29. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 29 #2 Absent-mindedness Forgetting caused by lapses in attention.

30. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 30 #3 Blocking Occurs when a memory cannot be accessed. “Tip-of-the-tongue” Caused by interference. One memory blocks another.

31. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 31 Interference Proactive Interference--previously stored info prevents remembering new info. Retroactive Interference--new info prevents retrieval of previously stored material.

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33. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 33 Interference

34. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 34 Interference

35. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 35 Interference Serial position Effect Items in middle of sequence less well remembered than first or last items.

36. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 36 #4 Misattribution Memories are retrieved but associated with the wrong time, place, or person. Caused by reconstructive nature of memory. Can cause people to believe mistakenly that other people’s ideas are their own.

37. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 37 Mistaken Eyewitness Identification Lenell Geter was convicted of armed robbery and sentenced to life in prison in 1984. He was 50 miles away in Greenville Tx. where he worked as an engineer. He had been at the robbed establishment earlier in the week, buying chicken.

38. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 38 Misattribution Dr. Park Dietz testified in the Andrea Yates trial that she had seen an episode of Law and Order that dealt with a mother killing her children and then being found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity.

39. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 39 Plagiarism by George Harrison

40. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 40 #5 Suggestibility Memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

41. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 41 Eyewitness Accuracy Memory of witnessing a crime can be influenced by asking questions that suggest facts of the crime. Can be deliberate or unintentional.

42. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 42 Fabricated Memories Can be created by suggestibility. Credible suggestions led to college students claiming to remember bogus events.

43. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 43 Recovered Memory Controversy Suggestions during therapy can cause patients to remember child sexual abuse that did not actually occur.

44. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 44 #6 Bias Beliefs, attitudes, and opinions influence memories. Example: memories of significant others influenced by present view of them. People currently displeased with a romantic relationship tend to remember negative relationship events in the past.

45. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 45 #7 Persistence Unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind. A painful blunder on the job or a failed attempt at something new. Shows powerful effect of emotions. Seen in depression and phobias.

46. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 46 Improving Memory

47. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 47 Improving Memory Establish why you need to remember something. Focus your attention on the information. Group the information. Connect new information with your existing knowledge. Use new material in a meaningful context. Use mnemonics. Actively rehearse the information frequently.

48. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 48 Techniques for making connections between new material and LTM

49. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 49 Mnemonics Method of Loci--associating items with a sequence of familiar physical locations. Acronym--use of letters and a silly sentence or a rhyme

50. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 50 Mnemonic Example

51. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 51 Mnemonic Example

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53. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 53 CORAL V. KING SNAKE

54. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 54