1. Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, et.al.

2. Religious Hearths*** South Asia – Hinduism – Buddhism – Shintoism Huang He River Valley (China) – Taoism – Confucianism Eastern Mediterranean!!! – Christianity – Judaism – Islam

4. Buddhism Predominantly in China and SE Asia Splintered from Hinduism – Buddha questioned the caste system, but still believes in following dharma (laws) to have good karma for reincarnation – Reaching enlightenment will release you from this cycle of rebirth Four Noble Truths (know)/8 fold path to Enlightenment – Goal of religion is to attain enlightenment by getting rid of desires, attachments, and ignorance

5. Buddhism Nirvana- ultimate state of peace – Buddhism is a way of living that achieves release from reincarnation and suffering Monks perform religious functions Does not require exclusive adherence God is not knowable- therefore is not a major concern in Buddhism Tripitaka is holy text

6. THE EIGHT-FOLD PATH 6 The Way (the 8- Fold Path) The threefold scheme of morality 1. Right understanding 2. Right thought Faith (initially) Wisdom: III (ultimately) 3. Right speech 4. Right bodily action 5. Right livelihood Morality: I 6. Right moral effort 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right concentration Meditation: II

7. Origin of Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Guatama – Buddha’s story He transformed into the Buddha (“awakened enlightened one”) after 6 year meditation on why there is suffering and how to escape it Split in interpretations of teachings – Theravada- withdrawal from world; monks; follow example of Buddha's life, individual responsibility – Mahayana- Elightenment can be attained with help from a bodhisattva- a “saint” who is so full of compassion that he will not enter into a state of nirvana until others can enter with him.

8. Diff of Buddhism Slower diffusion from hearth through missionaries. Emperor Asoka helped diffuse Lost base in India after diffusing to China, Korea and Japan

9. Other Univ. Religions Sikhism- continual improvement; founded on the wisdom of 10 Gurus- 1 st was Nanak. – Don’t shave beard; wear turbans = sense of unity Baha’i- abolish racial, class, and religious preferences

10. Darbar Sahib, India- Home of the Guru Granth Sahib (Holy Book): Sihkism

11. Ethnic Religions Hinduism: 3 rd largest religion – Concentrated in India and Nepal – Vedas are sacred texts – Karma is main doctrine- reincarnation (transferability of the soul) Religious caste system – Deities (holy beings/objects) are chosen by individual = Many paths to spirituality – Ritual bathing in Ganges River (make pilgrimage there) – All gods come form Atman

14. Origin and Diffusion of Hinduism One of oldest religions (4000+ years ago) – Unclear origin- before recorded history Possibly originated in Indus River Valley in present day Pakistan – No longer associated with Pakistan hearth (concentrated in Nepal and India) When Christianity and Islam diffused to Hindu areas, Hindu teachers integrated new teachings – Islam stimulated rise of Sikhism

15. Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism Hindus erect shrines/temples to please Gods and to be rewarded- countless shrines all over India – Cultural landscape of Hinduism is the cultural landscape of India – Located near water for ritual bathing Buddhism – Sacred site- Bodhi (Enlightenment) Tree where the Buddha attained enlightenment. The Bodhi tree diffused as far as China and Japan – Architecture- Pagoda (place of worship) Both usually cremate their dead

17. Became the “Laughing Buddha” as Buddhism spreads into China. = China adding their own twist to Buddhism

19. Taj Mahal- It’s a mausoleum with Islamic Architecture. (Not in Mumbai)

20. Judaism: an ethnic religion Found in US and Israel – First monotheistic religion? – Teachings of Abraham Jews agree to worship only one God and that God will protect his chosen people- the Jews Migrated from Iraq to Canaan (Palestine/Israel) – Christianity and Islam have roots in Judaism Jesus was a Jew, 10 commandments; Muhammad traces ancestry to Abraham – NOT universalizing religion- adherents are spread out due to forced migration, not seeking of converts

21. According to all the prophets of Israel, when the Third Temple is rebuilt on this same spot, this will usher in an era of peace and universal harmony unparalleled in the history of mankind. It is a fundamental principle of Jewish faith that the Temple will be rebuilt.

22. “ Wailing Wall Dome of the Rock

24. Diffusion of Judaism Jewish Diaspora- dispersion of Jews, forced migration from home in present day Israel Zionism- want a homeland for the Jewish people – Jews should not be absorbed into other societies- Holocaust encouraged many to adopt this idea – Goal became a reality in 1948 when UN created state of Israel and Palestine- mass migration back to shores of eastern Mediterranean – Law of Return- right of every Jew to migrate back to Israel However, US is home to most Jews

25. Sacred Sites of Jerusalem Judaism – The Western Wall (Wailing Wall) of the Temple Mount- all that remains of an old temple after it was destroyed – Jerusalem was sacred before birth of Jesus – Encouraged Zionists movements- wanted to control again Christianity Church of the Holy Sepulcher- built on top of Jesus’ tomb Islam – Fought the Crusades with Christians for control of Jerusalem – Dome of the Rock- built next to the Western wall- marks where Muhammad ascended into heaven

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27. Ethnic Religions Confucianism: “correct behavior” – Ethical principles/norms for daily life in China – Service to fellow humans more important than service to spirits – Denied divine right to rule (abilities over ancestry) T(D)aoism: China – mystical aspects of life – Live in harmony- feng shui; geomancers (consulters) – Competition, possession, war, ostentation, taxation, pursuit of knowledge seen as evils

28. Ethnic Religions Shintoism: Japan – Mix of Buddhism with local religion of Japan – Nature is divine (godly), ancestor worship – Majority of Japanese observe both Animism: Africa – Natural objects/occurrences are “animated” by spirits Ingenious/Shamanist – Local in scope, worship nature, and are passed down through families/tribes

29. Buddhist Pagodas diffuse to Japan, used with Shintoism

30. What is secularism? The indifference (don’t care) to or rejection of formal religion US has highest rate among wealthiest countries- 57% Even if your society is secular and regardless of your beliefs, what you eat, where you work/shop and what you are aloud to do is influenced by religion – Chic-Fil-A closed on Sundays!!!!

31. Rise of Secularism The map does not show the rise on secularism across the globe French Gov’t – Hijab’s (head scarves), yarmulke (Jewish skullcap), large Christian crosses seen as “disruptive” in schools Contributing to the decline of organized religion Places are open on Sunday’s now People who still follow religion do so more passionately – Immigrants hold on to religion more fervently- helps them ease into a new place

33. UniversalizingEthnic Have specific hearths/founders All are from ASIA! Widespread diffusion: proselytizing, trying to convert people Holy places/sites are based on important events in founders life Unclear origins, before recorded history Lack of diffusion—no missionaries Judaism is an exception (forced migration to other places) Have to compete with the spread of universalizing religions Holy places are attached to physical environment (Ganges River for Hindus)