1. Republic to Empire

2. Bell Work HW: Finish WIO TITLE: Topic #1, End of the Republic WAR: Read p. 322-323 and answer the following questions: 1) Who was Cicero? 2) What problems plagued Rome in the 70s BC?

3. HW: Finish WIO TITLE: Topic #1, End of the Republic WAR: Read p. 322-323 and answer the following questions: 1) Who was Cicero? 2) What problems plagued Rome in the 70s BC? 3) How might Cicero have been more successful in his efforts to improve Rome?

4. Disorder in the Republic Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal -Soldiers recruited from the poor; show loyalty only to their generals -Riots increased -Massive migration to the city

5. Julius Caesar Military leader Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C. Military leader Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C. Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form Rome’s 1st triumvirate—a group of three leaders. Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form Rome’s 1st triumvirate—a group of three leaders. Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power. Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power.

6. Challenges to Caesar Alliance with Pompey and Crassus lasted only 10 years Pompey’s allies in government ordered Caesar to give up command of his army Caesar refused and marched into Italy (crossed the Rubicon). There was no turning back, and war was certain, as Roman law stated that no army could enter Rome. Pompey and his army fled, but Caesar caught up to him and defeated him in Greece in 48 BC

7. Challenges to Caesar Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.

8. Julius Caesar Love to Hate Him Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor, and creates calendar. Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor, and creates calendar. Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C. Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C.

9. WIO: Create a Hero or Villain poster for Julius Caesar. If you consider him to be a villain you will create a Wanted poster. If you think he was good, you will create a Hero poster. Your poster must include: -A sketch of what the person probably looks like. -A reward amount listing the specific crime or heroic action the person did. -A made-up quote from a person living at the time showing what people might have said about this person. -The approximate date this poster would have been found. -A written description of what the person has done in their life.

10. Pre-AP WIO WIO: Determine whether you believe Caesar to be a hero or a villain and write a paragraph to justify your answer. *IF WE HAVE TIME, be ready to participate in a debate as a class.

11. WAR: Answer the following questions. 1.Why was Caesar killed? 2.How did most Romans feel about his death? 3.Why did Octavian turn against Antony?

12. End of the Republic 43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus and take action against those who murdered Caesar 43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus and take action against those who murdered Caesar Riots broke out and the Senate Riots broke out and the Senate Tried to restore order quickly. Tried to restore order quickly..

13. The Soap Opera: Antony and Cleopatra After Caesar’s death, Antony and Octavian defeated the men who killed him at Philippi and took control of Rome in 42 BC Octavian returned to Italy while Antony fought enemies in the east 40 BC: Antony married Octavian’s sister, but divorces her 8 years later to marry Cleopatra, queen of Egypt Octavian sees this as a personal insult and declares war on Antony Battle of Actium, 31 BC: Antony is defeated and he flees back to Egypt where both he and Cleopatra commit suicide

14. Emperor Augustus After Antony’s defeat, Octavian is Rome’s sole ruler with limitless power Takes the role of princeps (first citizen) 27 BC: says he is giving power back to Senate, but he really doesn’t Senate gives him a new name “Augustus”, which means “revered one”. This event marks the end of the republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire!

15. Growth of the Roman Empire Roman territory continues to expand Early 100s AD- Rome takes over Gaul (France) and central Europe, most of Britain, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, eastern coast of Mediterranean, and all of N. Africa Conquests promoted trade Used money and coins, which increased trade Pax Romana: 200 years of Roman Peace and prosperity Population grew, quality of life improved

16. Rome’s Accomplishments Draw the following chart on the WOW side of your ISN Science & Engineering Architecture & Art Literature & Language Law

17. Science Calendar Studied plants and animals for farming Studied the body to improve medicine - Galen studied the heart and noted differences between arteries and veins; described the aorta as "a trunk divided into many branches and twigs" that nourished the body.

18. History of the Capillary Wall

19. Engineering Cement – mix of lime and volcanic ash and rock Durable roads b/c of layers Strong bridges Aqueducts to move water Combined arches to create vaults (support roof of building)

20. Arches The design of the arch allowed the weight of buildings to be evenly distributed along various supports, preventing massive Roman structures like the Colosseum from crumbling under their own weight.

21. Aqueduct The Romans enjoyed many amenities for their day, including public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public baths. None of these aquatic innovations would have been possible without the Roman aqueduct.

22. The Pantheon

23. Vault A vault was a combination of arches used to create huge, open spaces within buildings

24. Architecture Copied Greek designs - columns, marble Colosseum mosaics and paintings (frescoes) Portraits Sculptures

25. Literature & Language Aeneid by Virgil Ovid – Roman mythology poems Horace – poems about enjoying life Wrote histories, speeches, dramas Wrote in Latin Spoke ROMANCE languages – Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese,

26. Law greatest influence on the US today Create civil law, or written law Tripartite (three parts)