1. Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion

2. Motivation

3. The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior

4. Instinct Theory

5. The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming.

6. Drove Theories

7. The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

8. Homeostasis

9. The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium

10. Drive

11. A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis

12. Incentive theories

13. The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals. Such as rewards

14. Arousal theory

15. The view that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither to high nor too low

16. Sensation seeking

17. The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities

18. Humanistic Theories of motivation

19. The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential

20. Glucose

21. Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar

22. Insulin

23. Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior

24. Basal Metabolic Rate

25. When the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration

26. Adipose tissue

27. Body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy

28. Energy homeostasis

29. The long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure

30. Positive incentive value

31. in eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food, in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior

32. Satiation

33. In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied

34. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

35. Hormone secreted primarily by the small intestines that promotes satiation; also found in the brain

36. Sensory-specific satiety

37. the reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food

38. Leptin

39. The hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behaviors

40. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

41. Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance, and weight gain

42. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

43. Hormone manufactured promarily in the hypothalamus that reduces eating behavior and increase metabolism, promoting negative energy balance and weight loss

44. Set-point theory

45. Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural, or optimal body weight, called the set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism

46. Settling-point models of weight regulation

47. General model of weight regulation suggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure

48. Body Mass Index

49. A numerical scale indicating adult height in regulation to weight; calculated as: (704.5 x weight in pounds) (height in inches) 2

50. Obese

51. Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater then 30.0.

52. Cafeteria Diet Effect

53. The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available

54. Leptin resistance

55. A condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the expected psychological response

56. Weight cycling

57. Repeated cycles of dieting, weigth loss, and weight regain

58. Eating disorder

59. A category of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior

60. Anorexia nervosa

61. An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception

62. Bulimia Nervosa

63. an eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain

64. Binge-Eating Disorder

65. A proposed category of eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating that are not followed by purging

66. Hierarchy of Needs

67. Maslow’s hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self- fulfillment needs.

68. Self-actualization

69. Defined by Maslow as a person’s “full use and explication of talents, capacities and potentialities.

70. Self-determination Theory (SDT)

71. Edward Deci and Richard Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied

72. Intrinsic Motivation

73. Behavior motivated by the desire to engage in tasks that the person fins inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake

74. Extrinsic Motivation

75. Behavior motivated by external factors or influences, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations

76. Competence Motivation

77. Motivated behavior directed toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation

78. Achievement Motivation

79. Motivated behavior directed toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at a task

80. Thematic Apperception Test

81. A projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways.

82. Emotion

83. A complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavior or expressive response

84. Emotional Intelligence

85. The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others.

86. Basic Emotions

87. the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionary determined, and culturally universal.

88. Interpersonal Engagement

89. Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people.

90. Amygdala

91. almond shaped cluster of neurons in the brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.

92. Brain finger-printing

93. technique to detect lies or deception, which uses an EEG to analyze brain waves; determines whether a stimulus is familiar or unfamiliar

94. Display Rules

95. Social and cultural rules that regulate emotional expression, especially facial expressions

96. Anthropomorphism

97. The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman or animals or innate objects

98. James-Lange Theory of emotions

99. The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes

100. Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions

101. The theory that emotions arise from the simultaneous activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which causes physical arousal, and the cortex, which causes the subjective experience of emotion

102. Facial Feedback Hypothesis

103. The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion

104. Two-factor of emotion

105. Schacther and Singer’s theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal

106. Cognitive-mediational Theory of Emotion

107. Lazarus’s theory that emotions results from the cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being

108. Self-efficacy

109. the degree to which a person is convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a particular situation

110. PEOPLE

111. Walter Cannon

112. American physiologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

113. Charles Darwin

114. English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

115. Edward Deci

116. American psychologist who, along with Richard M. Ryan, developed self- determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can occur only if the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

117. Paul Ekman

118. American psychologist and emotion researcher who is best known for his work in classifying basic emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and demonstrating that basic emotions and facial expressions are culturally universal

119. William James

120. American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the James-Lang Theory

121. Richard Lazarus

122. American psychologist who promoted the cognitive perspective in the study of emotion, proposed the cognitive- mediational theory of emotion

123. Abraham Maslow

124. American psychologist and a founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation in which basic needs must be satisfied before people can strive for self-actualization

125. Richard M. Ryan

126. American psychologist who, developed self- determination theory.