1. The Enlightenment

2. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new world view. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new world view.

3. An Overview of the 18c Political History  >>> Political History  >>> Reform Intellectual History   Intellectual History  Newtonian Physics  Reason Cultural History  Cultural History  Individualism Social History   Social History  Increased Literacy  “Age of Aristocracy” Economic History  > Economic History  > Mercantilism to Capitalism

4. 18c Politics – Constitutional Monarchy BRITAIN  – Constitutional Monarchy Royal Absolutism (cultural and religious unity) FRANCE  Royal Absolutism (cultural and religious unity) “Enlightened Despotism” PRUSSIA, HABSBURG EMPIRE, RUSSIA  “Enlightened Despotism” – traditional empire OTTOMAN EMPIRE –  traditional empire

5. An intellectual and cultural movement… The methods of natural science could be used to examine and understand all aspects of life. The methods of natural science could be used to examine and understand all aspects of life. The scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature. The scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature. It was possible for humans to create better societies and better people. (progress) It was possible for humans to create better societies and better people. (progress) The enlightenment did not have much appeal for the poorer classes. They were just trying to survive and the enlight. threatened their popular beliefs. The enlightenment did not have much appeal for the poorer classes. They were just trying to survive and the enlight. threatened their popular beliefs.

6. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment Rationalism  reason is the arbiter of all things. Rationalism  reason is the arbiter of all things. Cosmology  a new concept of man, his existence on earth, & the place of the earth in the universe. Cosmology  a new concept of man, his existence on earth, & the place of the earth in the universe. Secularism  application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy. Secularism  application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy.

7. Scientific Method Scientific Method –Mathematical analysis –Experimentation –Inductive reasoning. Tolerance  No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for. Tolerance  No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for.

8. Optimism & Self-Confidence Optimism & Self-Confidence –The belief that man is intrinsically good. –The belief in social progress. Freedom Freedom –Of thought and expression. –Bring liberty to all men (modern battle against absolutism). Education of the Masses Education of the Masses

9. Legal Reforms Legal Reforms –Justice, kindness, and charity  no torture or indiscriminant incarceration. –Due process of law. Constitutionalism Constitutionalism –Written constitutions  listing citizens, rights.

10. Enlightenment Principles Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith Scientific and academic thought should be secular Scientific and academic thought should be secular A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

11. Enlightenment Thinkers

12. The Philosophes French term for philosopher French term for philosopher They were an influential group of intellectuals. They were an influential group of intellectuals. Asked philosophical questions about the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, cause and effect Asked philosophical questions about the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, cause and effect The philosophes brought Enlightenment ideas to the ignorant people and brought the Enlightenment to its highest stage of development in France. The philosophes brought Enlightenment ideas to the ignorant people and brought the Enlightenment to its highest stage of development in France. video

13. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) Applied rational analysis to the study of government Applied rational analysis to the study of government Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler

14. John Locke (1632-1704 ) Natural rights: life, liberty, property Letter on Toleration, 1689 Letter on Toleration, 1689 Two Treatises of Government, 1690 Two Treatises of Government, 1690 Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693 Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693 The Reasonableness of Christianity, 1695 The Reasonableness of Christianity, 1695

15. John Locke’s Philosophy ► The individual must become a “rational creature.” ► Virtue can be learned and practiced. ► Human beings possess free will.  they should be prepared for freedom.  obedience should be out of conviction, not out of fear.

16. Legislators owe their power to a contract with the people. Legislators owe their power to a contract with the people. Neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained. Neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained. There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings. There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings. –life, liberty, property!

17. John Locke’s Philosophy con’t ► The doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings was nonsense. ► He favored a republic as the best form of government.

18. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) Philosophized on the nature of society and government Philosophized on the nature of society and government ► Emile, 1762. ► The Social Contract, 1762.

19. claimed that children must develop naturally and spontaneously claimed that children must develop naturally and spontaneously The Social Contract argued that the general will of the people is sacred and absolute. The Social Contract argued that the general will of the people is sacred and absolute.

20. Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) French noble and political philosopher French noble and political philosopher The Spirit of the Laws The Spirit of the Laws Separation of powers Separation of powers

21. Montesquieu’s Philosophy ► Three types of government:  Monarchy.  Republic.  Despotism.  A separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty.

22. Montesquieu (continued) Separation of powers Separation of powers Constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy Frontspiece to The Spirit of the Laws Frontspiece to The Spirit of the Laws

23. Voltaire (1694–1778) Most famous philosophe Most famous philosophe Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order Championed social, political, and religious tolerance Championed social, political, and religious tolerance

24. Voltaire challenged traditional Catholic theology and exhibited a characteristic philosophe belief in a distant God who let human affairs take their own course. Deism Voltaire challenged traditional Catholic theology and exhibited a characteristic philosophe belief in a distant God who let human affairs take their own course. Deism He opposed legal injustice and unequal treatment before the law. He opposed legal injustice and unequal treatment before the law. He was skeptical of social and economic equality; he hated religious intolerance. He was skeptical of social and economic equality; he hated religious intolerance. ► “I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Video\Voltaire__1694_1778_.asf

25. Deism Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism

26. Diderot and D’Alemebert Editors of the Encyclopedia

27. The Encyclopedia Examined all of human knowledge and attempted to teach people how to think critically and rationally. An original edition of the Encyclopedia

28. 28 volumes. 28 volumes. Alphabetical, cross-referenced, illustrated. Alphabetical, cross-referenced, illustrated. First published in 1751. First published in 1751. 1500 livres a set. 1500 livres a set. Banned by the Catholic Church Banned by the Catholic Church

29. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

32. Women and the Enlightenment Changing views Changing views Role of education Role of education Equality Equality Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges

33. Mary Wollstonecraft Declaration of the Rights of Man Declaration of the Rights of Man A Vindication of the Rights of Women A Vindication of the Rights of Women

34. Wollstonecraft (continued) Education Education Women’s rights movement Women’s rights movement Title page of Wollstonecraft’s Thoughts on the Education of Daughters Title page of Wollstonecraft’s Thoughts on the Education of Daughters

35. Olympe De Gouges Criticized the French Revolution Criticized the French Revolution The Rights of Women The Rights of Women “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen” “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen” Executed in 1793 Executed in 1793

36. Spreading Enlightenment Ideas Enlightenment ideas--including new ideas about women's rights--were spread in the salons of upperclass women. Enlightenment ideas--including new ideas about women's rights--were spread in the salons of upperclass women. Madame Geoffrin's salon was famous; she was the unofficial godmother of the Encyclopedia. Madame Geoffrin's salon was famous; she was the unofficial godmother of the Encyclopedia. These salons seemed to have functioned as informal "schools" for women. These salons seemed to have functioned as informal "schools" for women.

37. A Parisian Salon

38. The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777) Mademoiselle Julie de Lespinasse (1732*-1776) Madame Suzanne Necker (1739-1794)

39. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

40. “Enlightened Monarchs” Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs Receptive to Enlightenment ideas Receptive to Enlightenment ideas Instituted new laws and practices Instituted new laws and practices Enlightened Monarchs Frederick II, Prussia Frederick II, Prussia Catherine the Great, Russia Catherine the Great, Russia Maria Theresa, Austria Maria Theresa, Austria Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire Gustav III, Sweden Gustav III, Sweden Napoleon I, France Napoleon I, France

41. Enlightened Despots Many philosophes believed that "enlightened" reform would come by way of "enlightened" monarchs. Many philosophes believed that "enlightened" reform would come by way of "enlightened" monarchs. The rulers seemed to seek the philosophes' advice. The rulers seemed to seek the philosophes' advice. The philosophes distrusted the masses and believed that change had to come from above. The philosophes distrusted the masses and believed that change had to come from above. The most influential of the new style monarchs were in Prussia, Russia, and Austria. The most influential of the new style monarchs were in Prussia, Russia, and Austria.

42. Frederick the Great 1712 -– 1786. 1712 -– 1786. He saw himself as the “First Servant of He saw himself as the “First Servant of the State.” the State.” Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works Induced Voltaire to come to Prussia Induced Voltaire to come to Prussia Video\Frederick the Great Video\Frederick the Great

43. Frederick allowed religious freedom and promoted education, legal reform, and economic growth Frederick allowed religious freedom and promoted education, legal reform, and economic growth Allowed the Junker nobility to keep the middle-class from power in government. Allowed the Junker nobility to keep the middle-class from power in government. Frederick allowed the repression of Prussian Jews--who were confined to overcrowded ghettos. Frederick allowed the repression of Prussian Jews--who were confined to overcrowded ghettos.

44. Frederick the Great (continued) Wanted to make Prussia a modern state Wanted to make Prussia a modern state Reforms Reforms Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.” Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”

45. Catherine the Great

46. Catherine the Great (ruled 1762–1796) Russian ruler Russian ruler Well-versed in Enlightenment works Well-versed in Enlightenment works “Westernizing” Russia “Westernizing” Russia Domestic reforms Domestic reforms Peasant revolt Peasant revolt

47. German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst. 1729 – 1796 German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst. 1729 – 1796 Catherine II imported Western culture to Russia, supported the philosophes, and began a program of domestic reform. Catherine II imported Western culture to Russia, supported the philosophes, and began a program of domestic reform. The Pugachev uprising in 1773 led her to reverse the trend toward reform of serfdom and give nobles absolute control of their serfs. The Pugachev uprising in 1773 led her to reverse the trend toward reform of serfdom and give nobles absolute control of their serfs.

48. Maria Theresa (ruled 1740– 1780) Austrian ruler Austrian ruler Government reforms Government reforms The serfs The serfs Son—Joseph II Son—Joseph II

49. Maria Theresa and Joseph II

50. Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790) Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780 Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780 Joseph’s reforms Joseph’s reforms Religious tolerationReligious toleration Control over the Catholic ChurchControl over the Catholic Church Abolition of serfdomAbolition of serfdom

51. The Austrian Habsburgs Maria Theresa introduced reforms Maria Theresa introduced reforms –limited church power –revised the tax system and bureaucracy –reduced the power of the lords over the serfs. Her successor, Joseph II, was a dedicated reformer who abolished serfdom, taxed all equally, and granted religious freedom. Her successor, Joseph II, was a dedicated reformer who abolished serfdom, taxed all equally, and granted religious freedom. Because of opposition from both the nobles and the peasants, Joseph's reforms were short lived. Because of opposition from both the nobles and the peasants, Joseph's reforms were short lived.

52. The Legacy of the Enlightenment Government Government Society Society Education Education The signing of the U.S. Constitution The signing of the U.S. Constitution

53. Influence of the Enlightenment In France, the rise of judicial and aristocratic opposition combined with liberalism put absolutism on the defensive. In France, the rise of judicial and aristocratic opposition combined with liberalism put absolutism on the defensive. In eastern Europe, the results of enlightened absolutism were modest and absolutism remained strong. In eastern Europe, the results of enlightened absolutism were modest and absolutism remained strong. By combining state building with the culture and critical thinking of the Enlightenment, absolute monarchs succeeded in expanding the role of the state in the life of society By combining state building with the culture and critical thinking of the Enlightenment, absolute monarchs succeeded in expanding the role of the state in the life of society