1. ■Essential Question ■Essential Question: –How did the British American colonies change from the 17 th & 18 th centuries? –What themes remained the same?

2. Experience of Empire: 18 th Century America American Colonial Culture: 1700-1780

3. 17 th Century What did America look like in the 17 th Century?

4. 18 th Century What did America look like in the 18 th Century?

5. North American Population, 1750 Native Americans1.5 million New England400,000 Chesapeake390,000 Pennsylvania230,000 New York100,000 Lower South100,000 Backcountry100,000 New France70,000 Northern New Spain20,000

6. Native Americans ■By the 18 th Century, the Indians in contact with European colonists became dependent upon them: –For manufactured clothes, guns, & trade –The French had the best relationship with Indians –The Spanish horse altered the culture of the Plains Indians

7. Use of Horses by the Plains Indians

8. The Spanish Borderlands in 1770 The Spanish borderlands had slow population growth (unlike the British colonies) Spain never had a secure political or military hold on the borderlands St. Augustine was not attractive to settlers Popé’s (Pueblo) Revolt in 1692 limited Spanish control north of Mexico Little interest in the West Coast until 1769 when missionaries settled in CA to keep Russians out

9. 18 th Century French Settlements Population in the “French Crescent” grew 500% by 1750 due to natural reproduction Jesuit missionaries converted Native Americans Most French colonists were coureur des bois (fur traders) or habitants (farmers) New Orleans gave France control of the “interstate highway” of the Mississippi

10. Growth & Diversity in 18 th Century America

11. Growth & Diversity in British America ■By 1770, the English colonies became increasingly different from New Spain & New France: –Population boomed 1,000% due to increased birth rates, falling death rates, & a huge wave of non-English immigration –Surging economic growth –New political & religious ideas

12. European African Immigrants Distribution of European & African Immigrants in British North America by 1770

13. 18th Century Immigrants ■1790 census showed less than 50% of American colonists were English; 18 th century immigration brought unprecedented diversity: –African slaves were the largest group to immigrate –The Transportation Act (1718) allowed English judges to send convicted felons to the colonies (50,000 were forced to emigrate)

15. 18th Century Immigrants ■The Scotch-Irish were the largest European group to immigrate: –Initially welcomed as a frontier barrier between Indians & PA –Challenged authority wherever they settled ■Germans were the 2 nd largest European group to immigrate: –Seen as hard-working farmers –Clung to German traditions rather than “Anglicizing” –First significant non-English speaking immigrants

17. The American Backcountry

18. Social Hierarchy in New England Local gentry of religiously devout families guided town meetings Large population of yeomen farmers loyal to the local community Small population of landless laborers, servants, & poor NE churches focused on its members; outsiders were not welcomed & often moved away

19. Social Hierarchy in the Chesapeake Tobacco was the basis of wealth & cause of social inequalities The plantation gentry dominated society & the House of Burgesses Yeoman farmers were the largest class; Came as indentured servants; most lived on edge of poverty Indentured servants were often mistreated & cheated out of land African slaves

20. Colonial Society in the 17 th Century: African Slaves

21. The Roots of Slavery ■The importation of African slaves was based on a “need” for labor: –Native Americans made poor slaves because they were decimated by European disease –Indentured servant-pool waned after 1660 ■An estimated 11 million slaves (mostly males) were brought to the English American colonies

22. The Roots of Slavery ■Slaves were originally treated as indentured servants but the growing black population in VA by 1672 prompted stricter slave laws: –Africans were defined as slaves for life; permanent slave status was passed on to slave children skin color –By 1700, slavery was based exclusively on skin color –Could even be used as collateral for loans.

23. Origins & Destinations of African Slaves, 1619-1760

24. The Slave Population ■In the Chesapeake & Southern colonies with large black populations, slaves found it easier to maintain their African culture self-sustaining ■By 1720, the African population became self-sustaining: –Fertility rates exceeded immigration rates for the 1 st time –Did not occur in the Caribbean or in South America 60% in SC40% in VA Free & enslaved blacks were much less numerous in NE & Middle colonies

25. The Slave Population ■Widespread resentment of their slave status led to resistance in the 18 th Century: Stono Rebellion –Armed resistance such as the Stono Rebellion of 1739 (SC) –In 1741, 106 slaves were hung or deported due to a rumor that slaves planned to burn NYC –Runaway slaves were common 150 blacks rose up & seized munitions hold killed & killed several white planters

26. ■PLEASE PASS UP STAPLED READING ASSIGNMENT FROM OTIS and EDWARDS ■9/11/2001 Never Forget ■In the immortal words of those on flight 93 “Lets Roll”

27. 18 th Century American Commerce

28. Rise of a Commercial Empire salutary neglect ■English gov’t largely ignored the colonies until the 1650s (salutary neglect); The colonies were not state-funded nor state protected ■But…Charles II initiated colonial intervention in 1660 to maximize exports, decrease imports, & generate more gov’t revenue

29. Response to Economic Competition Mercantilism ■“Mercantilism” became the blueprint for England’s empire: –Wanted more money & a favorable balance of trade –Wanted to eliminate Dutch rivals –Wanted a stronger navy ■Began to restrict colonial trade: –Navigation Act of 1660 –Navigation Act of 1663 No ship could trade in colonies unless it was made in England “Enumerated goods” (tobacco, sugar, cotton, rice, rosin, tar) could only be sent to English ports Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through England (Increased the price paid by colonial consumers)

30. Implementing the Acts ■NE merchants found loopholes to avoid paying taxes so the English made more restrictions (Am. Tradition! ) –In 1696, created a Board of Trade to oversee colonial trade –Created maritime courts to mediate disputes ■The Navigation Acts eventually benefited the colonial merchants & smuggling virtually ended (stay tuned!)

32. What were the top 3 leading colonial exports in the 18 th Century? Chesapeake Middle New England South

33. Economic Transformation ■In the 1700s, Spanish & French colonial economies stagnated but English colonial economies grew: –Led to an increased standard of living & affluence for Americans –The colonial economy kept pace with its expanding population –English mercantilism increased a desire for American products (esp. tobacco & sugar)

34. Birth of a Consumer Society ■The availability of cheap English mass-produced goods led to a rise in colonial consumption –Colonists grew an insatiable desire for goods from “home” –The increase in inter-colonial & Caribbean trade gave colonists the money they needed to buy British manufactured goods –But, many colonists fell heavily in debt to English merchants

35. http://www.englishcountrydancing.org/colonial7.html

36. The Great Wagon Road Increased inter-colonial commerce gave Americans a chance to learn about one another

37. American Urban Life ■Few colonists lived in cities: –Boston, Newport, New York, Philadelphia, & Charles Town contained only 5% of total colonial population –Cities were geared toward intermediary trade but… –Cities began to attract colonists seeking opportunities

38. Religion in the Colonies ■Dominant Denominations –Church of England (Anglican Church) Official faith in: Georgia South Carolina North Carolina Virginia Maryland part of New York

39. Religion in the Colonies Anglican Ministers Anglican ministers were so bad in 17th century VA, that the College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 to train a better class of clerics Anglicans in the New World were handicapped by not having a resident bishop, whose presence would be convenient for the ordination of young ministers. American students of Anglican theology had to travel to England to be ordained. Establishing an American bishop caused concern to many non-Anglicans and they were opposed to that idea

40. The Age of Enlightenment ■Movement in Europe ■Encouraged people to renounce superstitions and prior knowledge to formulate true learning (Natural laws) ■Started with Science (Newton, Descartes, etc.) and then spread to economics, education, philosophy etc.

41. The Age of Enlightenment ■Influence in America was extensive –Acceptance of the concepts of natural laws and natural rights –Interest in science (Franklin) –Americanization of the Glorious Revolution/English Bill of Rights Validation of self-government Powers of government are limited Free expression of ideas (e.g., Zenger case)

42. The Great Awakening

43. Decline in Religious Devotion ■The 1700s saw a decline in religious devotion: –Outside of NE, 1 in 15 people was a member of a church –NE suffered a decline in church attendance (1:5 were members) –Church sermons were seen by many as “cold” & impersonal Arminianism ■Led to a rise in Arminianism (free will, not predestination) Half-Way Covenant The Half-Way Covenant (1662) was a way for NE churches to increase membership to the “unconverted” children

44. The Great Awakening ■The Great Awakening was a series of revivals among Protestants in which of people experienced religious conversion in response to gifted preaching ■It was not a unified movement; Great Awakenings occurred in many denominations in different places at different times Was not really “American” either as similar phenomena occurred in Europe The Great Awakening hit New England in the 1730s & in Virginia in 1750s & 1760s

45. The Great Awakening ■The 1 st stirrings of the Great Awakening began with Jonathan Edwards in Northhampton, MA: –Used “fire & passion” to reach the discontent youth of NE –Encouraged people to examine their eternal destiny A reading from “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (1741)

46. The Great Awakening ■George Whitefield became the most popular of the evangelists of the Great Awakening –He preached outdoor sermons to 1,000s in nearly every colony –As a result, itinerants disrupted their established churches claiming ministers were not taught to see the “New Light”

48. The Great Awakening ■The impact of the Great Awakening –New universities such as Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown, & Rutgers were formed to educate “New Light” preachers: –1st “national” event; Encouraged contact among scattered colonists in different regions –Empowered non-elites to challenge their social superiors Including women & African-Americans

49. Closure Question ■Did any of these colonies live up to the expectations of their founders: –Virginia? –Carolina? –Pennsylvania? –Massachusetts Bay?

50. 18 th Century Schools and Colleges

51. Education in New England ■NE towns regarded education as fundamental family responsibility; towns began to create elementary schools funded with local taxes: –NE had, by far, the highest literacy rate in America –In 1638, Harvard became America’s first college

52. Southern Schools ■Then? ■Today?

53. Other Colleges ■Was geared toward preparing men for the ministry in New England ■Churches would wither if a new crop of ministers was not adequately trained to lead the region’s spiritual flocks ■For purposes of convenience and economy, 9 local colleges were established during the colonial era ■Student enrollments were small, numbering about 200 boys at the most ■Harvard (1st) – 1636 (Congregational); William and Mary (2nd) – 1693 (Anglican); Pennsylvania (3rd) – 1751 (Nonsectarian)

54. Colonial Education ■By mid 18 th century, formal education beyond minimal reading and writing did progress ■However, it was considered non- essential for both males and females for success –It was instead a status symbol for those who could afford to pay

55. “Culture” in the Backwoods

56. Painting ■Charles Wilson Peale

57. Architecture

58. Literature ■Phillis Wheatley- ■Ben Franklin-

59. Science ■Franklin Inventions

60. Pioneer Presses –Books Americans were too poor to buy books and too busy to read them –Libraries A few private libraries of fair size could be found, especially among the clergy Benjamin Franklin established the library in Philadelphia By 1776, there were about 50 public libraries –Newspaper The hand-operated printing press cranked out pamphlets, leaflets, and newspapers Just before the Revolution, there were about 40 colonial newspapers (a single, large sheet folded once) The news often lagged many weeks behind the event, especially in the case of overseas happenings Newspapers proved to be a powerful agency for airing colonial grievances and rallying opposition to British control

61. Zenger Trial ■Trial- ■Legacy-

62. 18 th Century American Politics

64. Contrasting Colonial Politics ■Unlike state-controlled Spanish & French colonies, the English colonies were decentralized: –All colonies (except CT & RI) had royal governors –But all had colonial assemblies that controlled local finances not –Colonies were not democratic; Power was centralized with the wealthy, landed elite The legacy of “Salutary Neglect”

65. Governing the American Colonies ■Colonial government patterns: –Royal governors—most were incompetent & bound by instructions from England –Governors’ councils—advised royal governors but did not represent the colonial gentry –Colonial assemblies—were largely autonomous & very representative of colonists Governors resembled monarchs, but were often powerless Governors’ councils resembled the English House of Lords 95% of Massachusetts men & 85% of Virginia men could vote Colonial assemblies resembled the English House of Commons

66. Colonial Assemblies ■Elected members of colonial assemblies felt it was their right to protect colonial liberties: –They were more interested in pleasing their constituents than in obeying the governor –They held more popular support than the royal governors –Assemblies controlled all means of raising revenue