1. The Mongols

2. Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Eurasia”

3. Graphic Novel “Divine Wind”:
Surmise what might have happened if a typhoon had not struck when it did.
Would the Japanese have been able to protect their island from the invaders without the Divine Wind?
Rewrite and illustrate the end of this graphic novel to reflect your opinions. (Comic book ending).

4. Read the background essay on the Mongols together.
Write:
1. Take turns reading paragraphs to each other.
2. Write a brief sentence describing the main idea for each paragraph.
3.Combine to make a one paragraph summary of the Mongols background essay.
4. Individually, use these sentences to make an introductory paragraph. Don’t forget the thesis statement!

5. Group 1 – Doc. 1 & 2 Group 2 – Doc. 3 & 4 Group 3 – Doc. 5 & 6
Every Group needs to record information about the document and decide as a group if it proves that they are barbaric or civilized.

6. Document Analysis – answer the following questions for each document.
1. What is the document?
2. What is the source of the document?
3. Does the document support the idea that the Mongols were barbaric or not? Could it be used to support both views?

7. Do Not Use First Person!!! (I think, I believe, I will show you …)
I. Introduction
a. Thesis statement
1.The Mongols were barbarians.
2. Although they employed brutal tactics; the Mongol Empire was civilized.
II. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite.
III. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite.
IV. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite.
V. Conclusion – summary of essay with mention of a fact or two.
Do Not Use First Person!!! (I think, I believe, I will show you …)

8. Essay Structure (Pretend you are a lawyer in a court case)
I. Introduction (includes thesis statement) This is your opening argument, “they are guilty/Innocent”
II. Body paragraph (cite some documents)
III. Body paragraph (cite some documents)
IV. Body paragraph (cite some documents)
V. Conclusion: must be clear and have few facts. This is your “closing argument”

9. The Mongols
Overview

10. The End of the Golden Age of China
Despite the wealth & culture during under the Tang & Song Dynasties, the Chinese were briefly overthrown by the Mongols. From 1279 to 1368, foreign nomads called the Mongols ruled China
, less that 100 years.

11. Who were the Mongols?
The Mongols were among the numerous nomadic tribes who lived in Central Asia

12. Mongol life centered on herding animals, especially horses
Who were the Mongols?
The Mongols lived in the harsh climate of the Eurasian steppe, an area with little rain & extreme temperatures
Mongol life centered on herding animals, especially horses
Mongols lived as nomadic clans, constantly searching for better pasture lands

13. Who were the Mongols?
As a result of their lifestyle, the Mongols were tough warriors who occasionally raided nearby settlements
Genghis Khan built a powerful Mongol army & began a 21-year conquest of Eurasia
From 1200 to 1206, a clan leader named Genghis Khan unified the Mongols

15. Under Genghis & later khans, the Mongols conquered…
Russia
Korea
Central Asia
China
the Islamic Empire

17. How did the Mongols create this massive empire?
Several characteristics lay behind Genghis Khan’s stunning success as a conqueror. First, he was a brilliant organizer. He assembled his Mongol warriors into a mighty fighting force (see below). Following the model of the Chinese military, Genghis grouped his warriors in armies of 10,000. These in turn were organized into 1,000-man brigades, 100-man companies, and 10-man squads. He put his most battle-proven and loyal men in command of these units. Second, Genghis was a gifted strategist. He used various tricks to confuse his enemy. Sometimes, a small Mongol cavalry unit would attack, then pretend to gallop away in flight. The enemy usually gave chase. Then the rest of the Mongol army would appear suddenly and slaughter the surprised enemy forces.
Finally, Genghis Khan used cruelty as a weapon. He believed in terrifying his
enemies into surrender. If a city refused to open its gates to him, he might kill
the entire population when he finally captured the place. The terror the Mongols
inspired spread ahead of their armies, which led many towns to surrender without
a fight. As one Arab historian wrote, “In the countries that have not yet been
overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear
there too.”
Mongol soldiers were excellent horsemen; Used the horse saddle to shoot arrows while riding

18. How did the Mongols create this massive empire?
Several characteristics lay behind Genghis Khan’s stunning success as a conqueror. First, he was a brilliant organizer. He assembled his Mongol warriors into a mighty fighting force (see below). Following the model of the Chinese military, Genghis grouped his warriors in armies of 10,000. These in turn were organized into 1,000-man brigades, 100-man companies, and 10-man squads. He put his most battle-proven and loyal men in command of these units. Second, Genghis was a gifted strategist. He used various tricks to confuse his enemy. Sometimes, a small Mongol cavalry unit would attack, then pretend to gallop away in flight. The enemy usually gave chase. Then the rest of the Mongol army would appear suddenly and slaughter the surprised enemy forces.
Finally, Genghis Khan used cruelty as a weapon. He believed in terrifying his
enemies into surrender. If a city refused to open its gates to him, he might kill
the entire population when he finally captured the place. The terror the Mongols
inspired spread ahead of their armies, which led many towns to surrender without
a fight. As one Arab historian wrote, “In the countries that have not yet been
overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear
there too.”
If an enemy refused to surrender, Genghis would order the death of the entire population
As the Mongol reputation spread, many towns surrendered to Genghis without a fight
Genghis was a brilliant military organizer & strategist, but his greatest tactic was terror & fear

19. “In the countries that have not yet been overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear there too.” (Arab historian)

20. The Impact of the Mongol Empire
The Mongols were merciless in battle, but tolerant as rulers
Mongol khans (rulers) often adopted parts of the culture of the people they conquered
In the East, Mongols embraced Chinese culture
While ferocious in war,
the Mongols were quite tolerant in peace. They rarely imposed their beliefs or way
of life on those they conquered. Over time, some Mongol rulers even adopted
aspects of the culture of the people they ruled. The Ilkhans and the Golden Horde,
for example, became Muslims. Growing cultural differences among the khanates
contributed to the eventual splitting up of the empire.
In the West, Mongols converted to Islam

21. The Impact of the Mongol Empire
Chinese technologies like gunpowder & the magnetic compass reached Europe
But diseases like the plague (Black Death) reached Europe too
Mongol khans brought stability & order to Eurasia
The era from the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s is called the Pax Mongolica (“Mongol Peace”)
From the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s, the Mongols imposed stability and law and order across much of Eurasia. This period is sometimes called the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace. The Mongols guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of the empire to another Trade between Europe and Asia had never been more active. Ideas and inventions
traveled along with the trade goods. Many Chinese innovations, such as gunpowder,
reached Europe during this period.
Other things spread along with the goods and the ideas. Some historians speculate
that the epidemic of bubonic plague that devastated Europe during the 1300s was
first spread by the Mongols. (See Chapter 14.) The disease might have traveled
along trade routes or have been passed to others by infected Mongol troops.
For a brief period of history, the nomadic Mongols were the lords of city-based
civilizations across Asia, including China. As you will read in Section 3, China
continued to thrive under Mongol rule.
During the Pax Mongolica, the Mongols guaranteed safe passage across the Silk Road
As a result, trade & cultural diffusion increased between Europe & Asia

22. The khanate in Persia helped control the Silk Road
After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis
The Mongol destruction of Kiev increased the importance of Moscow in Russia
The khanate in Persia helped control the Silk Road
The Mongols were the first non-Muslims to rule over the Islamic Empire

23. But the most significant khanate was the Mongol rule over China
After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis
But the most significant khanate was the Mongol rule over China
In 1279, Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan became the first foreign leader to rule China

24. Kublai Khan began a new era in China called the Yuan Dynasty
Kublai enjoyed Chinese culture so much that he moved the Mongolian capital to China
Kublai Khan began a new era in China called the Yuan Dynasty
But, he excluded the Chinese from serving in high gov’t offices & relied on foreigners to serve in his government

25. Kublai proved to be a good emperor for China
Under Kublai, foreign trade with China increased due to the Pax Mongolica
He built roads & extended the Grand Canal to help improve transportation in China

26. Marco Polo
In 1275, a European merchant named Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan’s court
Kublai was so impressed with Marco Polo that he employed him in the Yuan gov’t for 17 years
When Marco Polo returned to Italy in 1792, his stories of China increased European demand for Asian trade

27. In 1370, the Mongols lost control of Central Asia
By the time of Kublai’s death in 1294, the entire Mongol Empire was growing weak
In 1480, under Ivan III Russia gained independence from Mongol rule & started the Romanov Dynasty
In 1370, the Mongols lost control of Central Asia
In 1368, the Chinese overthrew the Mongols & started the Ming Dynasty
In 1330, the Mongols lost control of Persia

28. The Ming emperors encourage overseas trade…
In 1368, the Chinese overthrew the Mongols & established the Ming Dynasty
The Ming emperors encourage overseas trade…

29. Mongols This is another overview from another source
Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

30. Nomadic Economy and Society
Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture
Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding
Food
Clothing
Shelter (yurts)
Migratory patterns to follow pastureland
Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry

31. Nomads in Turkmenistan

32. Nomadic Economy Trade links between nomadic and sedentary peoples
Nomads engage in long-distance travel
Caravan routes

33. Nomadic Society Governance basically clan-based
Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority
Unusually fluid status for nobility
Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence
Advancement for meritorious non-nobles

34. Nomadic Religion Shamans center of pagan worship
Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6th century CE
Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings
Conversion to Islam in 10th century due to Abbasid influence

35. Military Organization
Large confederations under a khan
Authority extended through tribal elders
Exceptionally strong cavalries
Mobility
Speed

36. Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire
Temüjin, b. 1167
Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty
Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies
Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation
1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (Genghis – same guy, different spelling based on translations): “Universal Ruler”

37. Mongol Political Organization
Broke up tribal organization
Formed military units from men of different tribes
Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty
Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum

38. Mongol Arms
Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population)
Army c ,000
Strengths:
Cavalry
Short bows
Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight

39. Mongol Conquests Conquest of China by 1220
Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia
emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler
Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions
Large-scale, long-term devastation

40. The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan

41. Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294) Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of China
Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant
Hosted Marco Polo
Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368)
Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java
Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”)

42. The Golden Horde Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241
Established tributary relationship to 15th century
Rule over Crimea to late 18th century
Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

43. The Ilkhanate of Persia
Abbasid empire toppled
Baghdad sacked, 1258
200,000 massacred
Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces

44. Mongol Rule in Persia
Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies
Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century
Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues
Left matters of governance to bureaucracy
Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

45. Mongol Rule in China Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese
Intermarriage forbidden
Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language
Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians)
Yet tolerated religious freedoms

46. The Mongols and Buddhism
Shamanism remains popular
Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols
Large element of magic, similar to shamanism
Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha

47. The Mongols and Western Integration
Experience with long-distance trade
Protection of traveling merchants
Volume of trade across central Asia increases
Diplomatic missions protected
Missionary activity increases
Mongol resettlement policies

48. Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia
Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry
Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s
Failure, forced to rescind
Factional fighting
Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses

49. Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China
Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency
Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise
From 1320s, major power struggles
Bubonic plague spreads s
1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

50. Surviving Mongol Khanates
Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia
Continued threat to China
Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-16th century
Continued threat to Russia

51. Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336-1405)
Turkish conqueror Timur
Timur the Lame: Tamerlane
United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai
Major military campaigns
Built capital in Samarkand
Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s

52. Tamerlane's empire about 1405 C.E.

53. Tamerlane’s Heirs Poor organization of governing structure
Power struggles divide empire into four
Yet heavily influenced several empires:
Mughal
Safavid
Ottoman