1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 18 Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Tamerlane's empire about 1405 C.E.

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Nomads in Turkmenistan

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Nomadic Religion Shamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Military Organization Large confederations under a khan Exceptionally strong cavalries  Mobility  Speed

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Turkish empires and their neighbors about 1210 C.E

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire 1071 Saljuqs defeat Byzantine army, take emperor captive Large-scale invasion of Anatolia Many conversions to Islam Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire Temüjin, b. 1167 Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “Universal Ruler”

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Mongol Conquests Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia  emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions  Large-scale, long-term devastation

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294) Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant  Hosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”)

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 The Golden Horde Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241  Established tributary relationship to 15 th century  Rule over Crimea to late 18 th century Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The Ilkhanate of Persia Abbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258  200,000 massacred Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Mongol Rule in Persia Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies  Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Mongol Rule in China Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese  Intermarriage forbidden  Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Yet tolerated religious freedoms

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 The Mongols and Buddhism Shamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols  Large element of magic, similar to shamanism  Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s  Failure, forced to rescind Factional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Surviving Mongol Khanates Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia  Continued threat to China Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid- 16 th century  Continued threat to Russia

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336-1405) Turkish conqueror Timur  Timur the Lame: Tamerlane United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai Major military campaigns  Built capital in Samarkand

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Tamerlane’s Heirs Poor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires:  Mughal  Safavid  Ottoman

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 The Ottoman Empire Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 Attacks Byzantine empire  Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans)

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Ottoman Conquests 1350s conquests in the Balkans Local support for Ottoman invasion  Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine rule Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 The Capture of Constantinople, 1453 Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”) Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman empire