1. The Mongols

2. After Exam 1. Title Page: “The Mongols” Draw your version of the scariest Barbarian you can think of… 1. Title Page: “The Mongols” Draw your version of the scariest Barbarian you can think of… 2. Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Eurasia” 2. Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Eurasia”

3. Read the background essay on the Mongols together. Read the background essay on the Mongols together. Write: Write: 1. Take turns reading paragraphs to each other. 1. Take turns reading paragraphs to each other. 2. Write a brief sentence describing the main idea for each paragraph. 2. Write a brief sentence describing the main idea for each paragraph. 3.Combine to make a one paragraph summary of the Mongols background essay. 3.Combine to make a one paragraph summary of the Mongols background essay. 4. Individually, use these sentences to make an introductory paragraph. Don’t forget the thesis statement! 4. Individually, use these sentences to make an introductory paragraph. Don’t forget the thesis statement!

4. Ch. 12: The Mongols Mongols Genghis Khan nomadism Khubilai Khan Yuan Empire Il-khan Golden Horde

5. Group 1 – Doc. A-B Group 1 – Doc. A-B Group 2 – Doc. C-D Group 2 – Doc. C-D Group 3 – Doc. E-F Group 3 – Doc. E-F Group 4 – Doc. G-H Group 4 – Doc. G-H Group 5 – Doc. I-J Group 5 – Doc. I-J Group 6- Doc. K-L Group 7 – Doc. M-N Every Group needs to record information about the document and decide as a group if it proves that they are barbaric or civilized. Every Group needs to record information about the document and decide as a group if it proves that they are barbaric or civilized.

6. Document Analysis – answer the following questions for each document. 1. What is the document? 1. What is the document? 2. What is the source of the document? 2. What is the source of the document? 3. Does the document support the idea that the Mongols were barbaric or not? Could it be used to support both views? 3. Does the document support the idea that the Mongols were barbaric or not? Could it be used to support both views?

7. Thesis Statements Write 2 different thesis statements: Write 2 different thesis statements: 1. Mongols were barbaric… 1. Mongols were barbaric… 2. Mongols were civilized…. 2. Mongols were civilized….

8. I. Introduction I. Introduction a. Thesis statement a. Thesis statement 1.The Mongols were barbarians. 1.The Mongols were barbarians. 2. Although they employed brutal tactics; the Mongol Empire was civilized. 2. Although they employed brutal tactics; the Mongol Empire was civilized. II. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. II. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. III. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. III. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. IV. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. IV. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. V. Conclusion – summary of essay with mention of a fact or two. V. Conclusion – summary of essay with mention of a fact or two. Do Not Use First Person!!! (I think, I believe, I will show you …) Do Not Use First Person!!! (I think, I believe, I will show you …)

9. Essay Structure (Pretend you are a lawyer in a court case) I. Introduction (includes thesis statement) This is your opening argument, “they are guilty/Innocent” I. Introduction (includes thesis statement) This is your opening argument, “they are guilty/Innocent” II. Body paragraph (cite some documents) II. Body paragraph (cite some documents) III. Body paragraph (cite some documents) III. Body paragraph (cite some documents) IV. Body paragraph (cite some documents) IV. Body paragraph (cite some documents) V. Conclusion: must be clear and have few facts. This is your “closing argument” V. Conclusion: must be clear and have few facts. This is your “closing argument”

10. Video Notes for MM 13 th century: The Century of the Stirrup Create this chart on a separate piece of paper and fill out as you watch: Environment: Describe the conditions where different groups live. Environment: Describe the conditions where different groups live. Politics: Describe how the different communities are governed. Politics: Describe how the different communities are governed. Economies: What trade items are produced, sought after, types of currency. How far away do they trade? Economies: What trade items are produced, sought after, types of currency. How far away do they trade? Migration Patterns: Do people stay in one place? If they move a lot, why and where do they go? Migration Patterns: Do people stay in one place? If they move a lot, why and where do they go?

11. Graphic Novel “Divine Wind”: Surmise what might have happened if a typhoon had not struck when it did. Surmise what might have happened if a typhoon had not struck when it did. Would the Japanese have been able to protect their island from the invaders without the Divine Wind? Would the Japanese have been able to protect their island from the invaders without the Divine Wind? Rewrite and illustrate the end of this graphic novel to reflect your opinions. (Comic book ending). Rewrite and illustrate the end of this graphic novel to reflect your opinions. (Comic book ending).

12. 12 Mongols Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

13. 13 Nomadic Economy and Society Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding –Food –Clothing –Shelter (yurts) Migratory patterns to follow pastureland Migratory patterns to follow pastureland Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry

14. 14 Nomads in Turkmenistan

15. 15 Nomadic Economy Trade links between nomadic and sedentary peoples Trade links between nomadic and sedentary peoples Nomads engage in long-distance travel Nomads engage in long-distance travel –Caravan routes

16. 16 Nomadic Society Governance basically clan-based Governance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority Unusually fluid status for nobility Unusually fluid status for nobility –Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence –Advancement for meritorious non-nobles

17. 17 Nomadic Religion Shamans center of pagan worship Shamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence

18. 18 Military Organization Large confederations under a khan Large confederations under a khan Authority extended through tribal elders Authority extended through tribal elders Exceptionally strong cavalries Exceptionally strong cavalries –Mobility –Speed

19. 19 Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire Temüjin, b. 1167 Temüjin, b. 1167 Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (Genghis – same guy, different spelling based on translations): “Universal Ruler” 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (Genghis – same guy, different spelling based on translations): “Universal Ruler”

20. 20 Mongol Political Organization Broke up tribal organization Broke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different tribes Formed military units from men of different tribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum

21. 21 Mongol Arms Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) –Army c. 100-125,000 Strengths: Strengths: –Cavalry –Short bows –Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight

22. 22 Mongol Conquests Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia –emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions –Large-scale, long-term devastation

23. 23 The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan

24. 24 Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294) Grandson of Chinggis Khan Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of China Rule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant –Hosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”) Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”)

25. 25 The Golden Horde Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241 Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241 –Established tributary relationship to 15 th century –Rule over Crimea to late 18 th century Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

26. 26 The Ilkhanate of Persia Abbasid empire toppled Abbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258 Baghdad sacked, 1258 –200,000 massacred Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces

27. 27 Mongol Rule in Persia Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies –Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues –Left matters of governance to bureaucracy Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

28. 28 Mongol Rule in China Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese –Intermarriage forbidden –Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Yet tolerated religious freedoms Yet tolerated religious freedoms

29. 29 The Mongols and Buddhism Shamanism remains popular Shamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols –Large element of magic, similar to shamanism –Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha

30. 30 The Mongols and Western Integration Experience with long-distance trade Experience with long-distance trade –Protection of traveling merchants –Volume of trade across central Asia increases Diplomatic missions protected Diplomatic missions protected Missionary activity increases Missionary activity increases Mongol resettlement policies Mongol resettlement policies

31. 31 Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s –Failure, forced to rescind Factional fighting Factional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses

32. 32 Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320s, major power struggles From 1320s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

33. 33 Surviving Mongol Khanates Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia –Continued threat to China Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid- 16 th century Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid- 16 th century –Continued threat to Russia

34. 34 Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336- 1405) Turkish conqueror Timur Turkish conqueror Timur –Timur the Lame: Tamerlane United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai Major military campaigns Major military campaigns –Built capital in Samarkand –Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s

35. 35 Tamerlane's empire about 1405 C.E.

36. 36 Tamerlane’s Heirs Poor organization of governing structure Poor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into four Power struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires: Yet heavily influenced several empires: –Mughal –Safavid –Ottoman