1. MODELS AND GEOGRAPHERS AP Test Review 2014 Human Geography is life!

2. Von Thunen Based on transportation of agricultural products.

3. Bid Rent Theory Related to the “gravity model,” “distance decay, ” and friction of distance

4. Thomas Malthus’ theory of population growth. The unrestrained growth of the underclass, if unchecked, will outstrip the ability to produce enough food, thus causing massive famine. Arithmetic vs exponential growth

5. Exponential population growth Projected population growth

6. According to Malthus, food production grows arithmetically. Why was he proved wrong?Industrial Revolution

8. Edge Cities

9. CBD Willowbrook Galleria Airport Complex Beltway office park Ship Channel Baybrook Mall Woodlands Office park and employment In a modern city the density gradient has fewer people downtown so there is a “density gap.” This model is often called the “tenement of the information age” because they are made up of many high density townhomes and apartments for those who work nearby. Edge Cities

10. Political and Economic Geography – theories and models

11. Political and Economic “Core and Periphery” Immanuel Wallerstein Can be used to describe “neo-colonialism”, or, economic dependency.

12. MacKinder-Heartland Theory “He who controls the heartland controls the world.”

13. Nicholas Spykman – Rimland Theory Father of “containment” NATO and the Cold War

14. Fredrich Ratzell – Organic State Theory States are like organisms both politically and economically. They must continue to grow or die. Who used his theories to justify expanding their borders?

15. Alfred Mahan postulated that to control the “world” in an economic and political sense, one must control the seas. Published in 1890. Sea and Land Empires

16. Rostow’s Model of Economic Development Examples?

17. Ravenstein's Laws of Migration 1. Most migrants travel only short distances, towards centers of absorption. 2. Long distance migrants are generally young males. 3. Migrants traveling long distances move to large industrial centers. 4. More migration is found where there are more transportation opportunities. 5. Most migrants move “step by step” or, step migration.

19. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US JOHN BORCHERT  Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)  Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward Europe  Boston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small domestic hinterlands  Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)  Crude national railroad network  Railroads converged with internal waterways  Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop

20. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US JOHN BORCHERT  Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)  Rapid development of iron and steel industries  Rapid industrial growth within Northeast and Midwest  Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)  Complex highway and air transportation  Improved amenities and speed led to increase suburban development  Sunbelt migration Explains the time frame of development of American cities and suburbs.

21. PEOPLE HAVE ABOUT A 30-45 MINUTE DISTANCE THEY WILL NORMALLY TRAVEL FOR SERVICES Historically, how was urban growth restrained? transportation Cities were initially rather compact with the poor and wealthy living in proximity although in different neighborhoods. The horsecar era allowed people with money to begin to move to the outskirts of the city yet stay in the 30-45 minute service range.

22. In the late 1800’s-early 1900’s the electric trolleys again moved the outer limits on transportation and speed. The invention of the electric traction engine was required.

23. AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond Federal highway programs Developers and infrastructure Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs

24. AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond Federal highway programs Developers and infrastructure Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs

25. AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond Federal highway programs Developers and infrastructure Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs

26. SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION What did the second agricultural revolution have in common with another “revolution” occurring in the 18 th and 19 th centuries? Modern farming methods were develop with the improvements in tools and equipment, soil preparation, and fertilizers. Two of the most important innovations were the plow and later the metal plow.

27. THIRD AG REVOLUTION (Green Revolution) The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland Developed in the 1960’s by Norman Borlaug at Texas A&M.

28. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

29. Many people are concerned about the after effects of the Green Revolution. Too much pesticide use, poisoning the soil, making ping farmers dependent on ped agricultural companies who supply seeds and fertilizers..

30. Bosrup’s theory – that man will find a way to increase food production as a result of a larger and more creative population.

31. Anatolian Hearth theory Correlation b/t source areas of 3 agricultural centers and 3 major languages Spread of language with the diffusion of agriculture Conquest Theory – language spread with the movement of the Kurgans from Central Asia into Europe.

32. Least Cost/Location Theory Minimizing transportation costs Least Cost Theory

33. Market Input 1 Input 2 a b c Weber’s Least Cost Theory Purest form deals only with transportation costs Substitution Principle labor taxes Bulk gaining industry? Bulk reducing industry

34. Central Place Theory Spatial distribution of cities/service centers is a hexagon w/CP in the middle Walter Christaller Node

35. DTM - Demographic Transition Model Stages of population growth end