1. Announcements – Nov. 1, 2006

2. Energy Sources I – Fossil Fuels Lecture Objectives: 1)Trace the history of energy consumption in human populations and understand the current factors affecting energy consumption 2)Learn how fossil fuels are extracted and used 3)Explore the debate over drilling in ANWR

3. What is energy? Energy – the ability to do work Work is done when an object is moved over a distance *Happens even at the molecular level Everything we do requires energy in some form

4. Original source of energy for Earth is the Sun Producers convert sunlight to biomass 90% of useful energy lost as heat from one trophic level to the next Some energy always lost whenever it is converted between forms (2nd law…)

5. Brief history of human energy consumption Early humans like other animals in trophic pyramid – all work done by human muscle 1 st alternative energy sources: – domesticated animals – burning biomass

6. Brief history of human energy consumption Wood & muscle primary sources of energy until relatively recently – still are in parts of the world Build up of population densities & permanent residences lead to local wood shortages – – switch to dung, other burnable biomass – where available, switch to coal & other fossil fuels

7. World sources of energy 1850-2000

8. Industrial Revolution Machines replaced human and animal labor in the manufacture and transportation of goods. Steam engines converting heat energy into forward motion was central to this transformation.

9. Industrial Revolution Fuel for machines first wood, then quickly switched to coal Machines greatly increased work productivity – manufacturing, food production, transportation, etc. Countries/regions without large coal deposits were left behind in the Industrial Revolution

10. Switch from coal to oil Expanding factories needed larger labor pools, people began congregating around factories and cities. Widespread use of coal in cities led to increased levels of air pollution. Cleaner-burning oil and the internal combustion engine lead to decreasing dependence on coal in first half of 1900’s

11. Energy and Economics Direct link between economic growth and availability of inexpensive energy To keep energy prices down, many governments subsidize energy prices – Artificially low prices encourages high rates of consumption & economic growth WWII spurred need for manufacturing & transportation, and increased consumerism

12. Keys to increasing energy consumption 1. Economic growth, convenience & energy consumption in positive feedback cycle 2. Government control of energy prices can encourage or discourage consumption 3. Energy consumption behavior of most people motivated by economics & convenience rather than by desire to use energy resources wisely

13. Comparison of U.S. and Europe Price of gasoline determined by: 1. Purchasing & processing crude oil 2. Taxes U.S. – taxes low, encourages automobile industry, diffuse population density Europe – taxes high, encourages mass transit, city living Transportation energy use per capita (gigajoules) U.S.105 Denmark41 Netherlands41

14. Review Switch from wood & muscle to fossil fuels and machines radically changed human lifestyles Our economic prosperity and way of life is utterly dependent on cheap energy Where does this energy come from, and will it remain inexpensive?

15. Energy Sources Non-Renewable Energy — Energy sources used faster than can be replenished. *Coal *Oil *Natural Gas Renewable Energy — Continuously present as a feature of the environment. *Solar *Wind *Tides

16. Resources and Reserves Resource — Naturally occurring substance of use to humans Reserve — Amount of a known deposit that can be economically extracted using current technology. Reserve levels change as technology advances, new discoveries are made, and profit margins change.

17. Fossil Fuel Formation -- Coal 300 MYA plant material began collecting underwater & decayed, forming a spongy mass called peat Over time, peat became buried Pressure and heat over time transformed peat into coal

18. Coal is our most abundant fossil fuel. US has a 250 yr. supply Primarily used for generating electricity.

19. Overburden Vein Two main extraction methods for coal: 1) Surface Mining (Strip mining) Removing overburden on top of a vein. Efficient but destructive.

20. 2) Underground Mining Minimizes surface disturbance, but costly and dangerous: Two main extraction methods for coal: Miners can become trapped Toxic gas - Canary in the Coal Mine Black Lung Disease 2002

21. How is electricity generated from coal? Coal is burned to heat water to make steam High pressure steam turns the turbines The turbine spins the generator, which produces an electrical current

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23. Environmental Impacts of Coal Burning releases pollutants Mining destroys habitat Mining creates dust pollution

24. Oil and Natural Gas Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments. High pressure and temperature converted them into energy-rich compounds

25. Oil Use Can be more concentrated than coal, burns cleaner (but not cleanly), and is easily transported through pipelines. *Ideal for automobile use. *Can be difficult to extract. *Environmental damage due to oil spills

27. Crude oil can generate multiple products from a single barrel.

28. Natural Gas Use Drilling requirements similar to oil. Current primary use in the US is for heating

29. Natural Gas Use Least environmentally damaging of fossil fuels. – Almost no air pollution. Use is increasing (45% from 1985-2000).

30. World Oil Reserves

31. Natural Gas Reserves

32. What determines the price of oil and natural gas? Cost of extraction, production, transportation Supply/demand & market forces World politics

33. Oil heads back toward $63 as barrel October 26, 2006 Oil prices extended a sharp rally to within reach of $62 a barrel on Thursday, staying at their highest in nearly a month after a steep fall in U.S. crude oil inventories and more signs that OPEC is committed to cuts.

34. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Libya, Algeria, Iraq, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Indonesia, Nigeria, Gabon, Venezuela Controls over 75% of world’s known oil reserves (Middle Eastern countries have 45%) Currently produces 41% of world’s crude oil and exports 55% of all traded oil. Internal conflicts have lead to decreases in OPEC’s power in recent years

36. In 2000, the United States consumed an average of 19.5 million barrels of oil every day. Oil consumption is expected to rise to 25.8 million bpd by 2020 We currently import about half our oil, that amount is expected to increase

37. How can we reduce our dependence on foreign oil? One suggestion: Increase our own oil production from our known reserves

38. CNN Alaska oil drilling back on agenda November 10, 2004 WASHINGTON (AP) Republican gains in the Senate could give President Bush his best chance yet to achieve his No. 1 energy priority -- opening an oil-rich but environmentally sensitive Alaska wildlife refuge to drilling. "With oil trading at nearly $50 a barrel, the case for ANWR is more compelling than ever”. Bush is also expected in his second term to renew his call for action by Congress on a broader, largely pro-production, energy agenda -- from easing rules for oil and gas drilling on federal land in the Rocky Mountains to expanding clean-coal technology and improving the reliability of the electricity grid.

39. ANWR – To drill or not to drill? Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

40. Points to know 1. What were the main sources of human energy prior to 1850? After 1850? 2. How did the Industrial Revolution change human life and energy consumption? What was responsible for the shift from coal to oil? 3. What is the relationship between energy and economics? Why does energy consumption continue to increase in developed countries? 4. What is the difference between a resource and a reserve? 5. What is coal? How is it extracted and turned into usable energy? What environmental problems are associated with it? 6. How are oil and natural gas formed & extracted? What environmental problems are associated with them? 7.What determines the price of oil and natural gas? What is OPEC and why do we have to be interested in it?