1. I NTERNATIONAL R ELATIONS Ch.23 section 1

2. C OLLECTIVE S ECURITY Collective security (interdependence) vital in 21 st century. Not able to secure borders? Crime Taxes Provide public services Acceptance of political refugees? Impact? (Rwanda – 1994) 2010: 45 million environmental refugees “Ethnic Cleansing” threatens collective security (Bosnia, 1992)

3. W HY C ONFLICT ? Most prominent – Religion. (prejudice and hatred) Ideological rivalries fueled by communist / capitalist struggle Vietnam, Korea, Cold War Civil unrest leads to US intervention (Persian Gulf)

4. W EAPONS P ROLIFERATION Weapons of mass destruction – 1945 Proliferation as a global issue Post-Cold War military deglobalization September 11 signals globalization of informal violence Chemical Weapons – WWI (outlawed by 1925 Geneva Protocol)

5. G LOBAL D EFENSE UN established following WWII Not world government – promote peace Divisions General Assembly Security Council Secretariat International Court of Justice Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council Headed by Ban Ki- moon (sec. general)

6. U NITED N ATIONS GA made of all nations (one vote each on policies and budget allowance) Security Council handles international disputes Made of 15 nations; 5 are permanent US, GB, France, Russia, China Remaining 10 rotate on 2 year terms Secretariat, headed by secretary general, oversees all daily operations Court of Justice to hear disputes between countries and give opinions and advice (15 judges) E and S council to discuss ways to improve the lives of citizens around the world Trustee Council helps territories under UN supervision World Bank cooperates with UN to provide low-interest loans, interest-free credits and grants to developing countries for a wide array of purposes that include investments in education, health, and private business World Health Organization helps fight disease worldwide (AIDS)

7. W ORLD P EACE ? UN a forum to peacefully settle disputes Not always possible… Korea (1950) Vietnam (1965) Israel and Arab nations (1990s) Kuwait (1991) What about worldwide natural disasters? UNICEF World Food Program (100 million people a year in 80 countries) UN promotes understanding and acceptance of international law