1. Alan Brinkley, American History 14/e
Chapter 2: Transplantations and Borderlands

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3. Highlights The Early Chesapeake The Growth of New England
The Restoration Colonies
Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Evolution of the British Empire
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4. New England Colonies New Hampshire Massachusetts (Maine is part of MA)
Rhode Island
Connecticut

5. Middle Colonies
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware

6. Chesapeake Colonies
Maryland
Virginia

7. Southern Colonies
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia

8. Early Chesapeake – VA
Early English attempts to transplant English society were carried out by joint-stock companies chartered by the Crown
Virginia Company settled the first permanent colony in VA in 1607 (Jamestown)

9. The Early Chesapeake – VA
The Founding of Jamestown
Early Problems
Jamestown was hampered by high mortality
Site was low, swampy, and in the Powhatan territory
Settlers were prone to disease, especially malaria
Settlers were mostly men with few useful skills
No sense of community
John Smith – leader of Jamestown settlers
1608 – he imposed order and discipline  fewer deaths
However, after he left, problems arose (even with more immigrants and supplies)

10. The Early Chesapeake – VA
Starving Time
Initially, Powhatan Indians showed English how to cultivate maize (corn)
By winter of , their relationship went downhill
Survivors were reinforced by continued immigration and governors achieved stability by implementing harsh regimes

11. The Early Chesapeake – VA
VA achieved stability and modest success with:
Private property
John Rolfe’s intro of
tobacco
Influx of skilled workers
Indentured servants
Headright system
House of Burgesses
Intro of African labor
Virginia and Carolina, (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

12. The Early Chesapeake – VA
Suppression of the Powhatan Indians
Fighting occurred with Powhatans due to land expansion with headright system
Pocahontas captured; Powhatans scale back
1622 – Powhatan attack Jamestown, killing 25% of the population
1644 – Colonists pursue strategy of suppression that ended Powhatan threat
Demise of the Virginia Company
1622 attacks drove them into bankruptcy
1624 – King revokes charter, makes it a royal colony

13. The Growth of the Chesapeake, 1607-1750
The Early Chesapeake
The Growth of the Chesapeake,
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14. The Non-Indian Population of the Chesapeake, 1607-1700
The Early Chesapeake
The Non-Indian Population of the Chesapeake,
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15. The Early Chesapeake – MD
Maryland and the Catholic Calverts
George Calvert (aka Lord Baltimore) awarded Maryland
Proprietary Rule
MD seen as both a commercial venture and a refuge for English Catholics
Invited Protestants to MD to help with commercial goals
Religious Toleration
“Act Concerning Religion,” or “Act of Toleration of 1649”  protected Catholic minority; caused conflicts

16. Colonization of Maryland
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17. The Early Chesapeake – MD
Large land grants from the proprietors established a powerful land autocracy
Instability in Maryland resulted from warfare among the settlers rather than with the Indians
Maryland used the Headright system, indentured servants, and eventually slaves to cultivate tobacco
Both MD and VA prospering by mid 17th century due to tobacco

18. The Early Chesapeake – VA
Sir William Berkeley
Governor who attempted to resolve conflicts by settling aside land areas for the natives and restricting English settlement in those areas
This furthered damaged the already shaky relationship between “backcountry gentry” and eastern aristocrats
Nathaniel Bacon, a backcountry landowner, defied Berkeley and attacked Indians (1676)

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21. The Early Chesapeake – VA
Bacon’s Rebellion
Twice, Bacon attacked Jamestown  Berkely regained control
Bacon died of dysentery and troops arrived from England
Bacon’s Rebellion left Indians in a weaker position with less territory
Revealed:
The unwillingness of the English to honor agreements with Indians
The bitterness between eastern and western interests
Dangers of an unstable landless population

22. The Growth of New England
New England, (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
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23. The Growth of New England
Plymouth
Puritan dissenters from the Church of England known as Puritan Separatists founded the first lasting settlement in New England  after first moving to Holland to escape Anglican repression
Obtained permission to settle in America
1620  a small group aboard the Mayflower settled at Plymouth, north of Cape Cod
Mayflower Compact: established a civil government based on majority rule

24. The Mayflower at Plymouth (Scenics of America PhotoLink/Getty Images)
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25. The Growth of New England
Relations with Indians
Massachusetts Indians were less able to resist Europeans (weakened by disease)
Even with the assistance of Squanto and Samoset, half the Pilgrims died in the first winter
Sustained community with the belief they were fulfilling God’s will

26. The Growth of New England
Massachusetts Bay
Another group, the Puritans, many of whom were merchants, obtained a charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company
1000 colonists arrived in the area around Boston in 1630
The Massachusetts charter served
as a foundation for the government
John Winthrop = governor

27. The Growth of New England
Theocratic Society
Puritan villages each regulated their own affairs
Seeing themselves as an example of a godly community to purify England  created “a city upon a hill” to be an example to the world
Winthrop felt they founded a holy commonwealth
The clergy and the government worked closely together  created a theocracy
Only male church members, aka the “saints,” would vote or hold office

28. The Growth of New England
Boston Harbor (Library of Congress)
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29. The Growth of New England
Economic Prosperity and Religious Dissent
The following created rapid growth in NE:
Strong sense of community
Continuing influx of immigrants
Aid from the Indians and Pilgrims
Strong sense of religious purpose
Puritans left England to practice their religion, but they did not support religious freedom
Those who did not accept Puritan orthodoxy were forced to leave Massachusetts

30. The Growth of New England
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31. The Growth of New England
The Non-Indian Population of New England,
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32. The Growth of New England
Connecticut
Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister, settled with his congregation at Hartford in 1639
Adopted a written constitution
New Haven merged with Hartford in 1662
Rhode Island
Roger Williams, a Puritan minister, founded Providence after being banished from Massachusetts in 1635
Believed for complete separation of church & state
Established no church & supported religious freedom

33. The Growth of New England
Anne Hutchinson
She preached in her home what was criticized as Antinomian heresy
That only those who had a conversion experience could be one of the elect
That good works alone were not sufficient proof of sainthood
She criticized established clergy, crossed the boundary of a woman’s proper role, and claimed to have direct communication with God
Banished to Newport, RI in 1637

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35. The Growth of New England
Indian Relations
At first (due to low numbers to fight), they provided assistance to settlers, sold their land, and traded fur
Taught Europeans local crops & ag. techniques
However…conflict arose when settlers moved inland
Puritans critical of “heathen” Indians
Most Puritans accepted removal or extermination to resolve the “Indian problem”

36. The Growth of New England
Indians way of life threatened as colonists:
Cleared forests
Drove off game
Allowed roaming livestock to destroy native crops
Introduced alcohol
Infected natives with disease
The native population decline precipitously

37. The Growth of New England
Conflicts with Indians
The Pequot War -1637
Competition over land; Puritans brutally kill Indians
King Philip’s War
Metacomet, or King Philip of the Wampanoag tribe, struck back against colonists
Settlers allied with Mohawks
Indian threat diminished but not eliminated
Flintlock Musket – new English technology that raised the casualty rate, making it the bloodiest Indian battle of the time

38. The Restoration Colonies
The English Civil War
Origins
Cavaliers and Roundheads
Charles I beheaded
Oliver Cromwell
The Stuart Restoration (Charles II)
New Proprietary, or
“Restoration” Colonies
Carolina
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Oliver Cromwell (Portrait Gallery)

39. The Restoration Colonies
The Carolinas
Eight proprietors received land from VA to GA with nearly absolute power
They hoped to profit as landlords and land speculators
Aided by philosopher John Locke, the proprietors drafted a constitution  actual settlement did not follow it

40. The Restoration Colonies
North and South Carolina
Family subsistence farming developed in the north
In the more cosmopolitan and aristocratic south  cultivation of rice and trade were the major commercial ventures
African slaves brought to the colony, leading to a plantation-based society
Tensions between north and south ended when the king separated them into two colonies in 1729

41. Virginia and Carolina, 1638 (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
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42. The Restoration Colonies
New York
Charles II granted his brother James II, Duke of York, land that was the Dutch land of New Netherland
York established his claim to this land in 1664 when the English captured New Amsterdam (present day NYC)
Renamed it New York
Colony had a diverse population and allowed religious tolerance and a democratic-style government

43. The Restoration Colonies
New Jersey
James (Duke of York) granted his lands south of New York to John Berkeley and George Cateret
The colony of New Jersey contained enormous ethnic and religious diversity
After a decade, it became a royal colony

44. The Restoration Colonies
Pennsylvania
William Penn, a Quaker, became the proprietor of this land (he was owed a large debt by the king)
Quakers in PA rejected the Puritan concepts of predestination, original sin, and believed all people contained the inner light that could lead to salvation
Women were equal to men in church
Democratic, pacifist, unwelcome in England
William Penn allowed for their refuge

45. The Restoration Colonies
Pennsylvania
William Penn attracted settlers throughout Europe
PA became the most cosmopolitan of all American colonies
Penn purchased land from Indians
His holy experiment practiced some degree of democracy with its representative assembly

46. Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Caribbean Islands
Spain claimed all Caribbean islands, but only settled a few
England settled on
some without consent
Sugarcane = cash crop
Barbados hub for English
Sugarcane (C. McIntyre/PhotoLink/Getty Images)
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47. Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Seventeenth Century Caribbean
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48. Borderlands and Middle Grounds
Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean
Slave Revolts
Unstable Societies
Connection to British North America
Making molasses in Barbados (New York Public Library)
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49. Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Southeastern Borderlands
Spanish in Florida were more of a direct threat than Spanish in the Southwest
Settlement was centered around St. Augustine in the east and Pensacola on the Gulf Coast
Tensions between English and Spanish arose frequently

50. Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Founding of Georgia
James Oglethorpe took control in 1732
Georgia’s Military Rationale
Used as a buffer from the Spanish
Transformation of Georgia
Stifling laws at first removed to help growth, which was slow

51. Borderlands and Middle Grounds
Savannah in 1734 (I.N. Phelps Stokes Collection of American Historical Prints, New York Public Library)
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52. The Evolution of the British Empire
The Drive for Reorganization
Mercantilism
By 1650, the success of the colonial system demanded a more organized imperial structure
Mercantilism increased England’s wealth by:
Prohibiting colonies from trading with foreign nations
Using colonies for raw materials
Selling manufactured goods to the colonial market
The Navigation Acts
Created to counter Dutch shipping competition, they:
Required colonial trade to be carried in British ships
Required certain products be directly sent to England
Required all European goods to pass through England before they went to the colonies

53. The Evolution of the British Empire
The Dominion of New England
Britain had been increasing imperial control over the American colonies by gradually converting them to royal colonies
1686 – King united NE colonies into the Dominion of New England
James II abolished existing representative assemblies and appointed Edmund Andros as its single governor
His rigid rule made him unpopular

54. The Evolution of the British Empire
Glorious Revolution
King James II was losing support in both England and in the colonies
1688  Parliament asks his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to take the thrown
James II fled & Glorious Revolution endures
Dominion of New England dissolves
Jacob Leisler, a German immigrant merchant, challenges the ruling New York elite
He ruled for 2 years, but was tried for treason and hanged

55. The Evolution of the British Empire
Where the colonies are at this point:
Allowed certain rights and freedoms for colonists
However, they were more closely bound to royal authority in some respects by the end of the century
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