1. C. IVLIVS CAESAR 100 - 44 BC

2. Birth : 100BC born in Rome on July 12 or 13, 100BC only son of L. Iulius Caesar & Aurelia –father died 85BC epileptic Gens Iulia –patrician –not rich Suburra residence –not particularly influential by 100BC patrician status no longer provided political advantage –Aunt Julia married to C. Marius (novus homo)

3. populares v. optimates –Populares a faction of the aristocracy inclined toward getting legislation ratified directly through the popular assemblies favored extension of citizenship –Optimates a faction of the aristocracy believed everything should be ratified in the Senate viewed the populares as revolutionaries –opposed novi homines »esp. successful military generals like Marius

4. Roman Citizen Classes Patrician Senatorial (Plebeian) Equites (Plebeian) Property Owners (Plebeian) Capite Censi (Plebeian)

5. Money Property Requirements ≈ 16 asses = 4 ƒ = 1 denarius ƒ1,000,000 for Senatorial ƒ400,000 for Equites ƒ3,000 for 4th class

6. populares v. optimates C. Marius –finished Jugurthine war in N. Africa (104) –defeated Germanic Teutones (102) and Cimbri (101) –helped put down revolt of Saturninus (99) 6th consulship Loss of influence Caesar’s father elected praetor (92) Social Wars (91-88) L. Cornelius Sulla –elected consul 88BC –command of Mithradatic War –marched on Rome –83 returns to Rome after war’s conclusion

7. Early Life 83nominated for Flamen Dialis breaks long standing engagement to Cossutia (wealthy equestrian) marries Cornelia, daughter of Cinna (patrician) 82 proscribed by Sulla Stripped of inheritance, wife’s dowry, priesthood Refused to divorce Cornelia went into hiding family intercession gained pardon military service in Asia

8. Early Career 81-79 Bithynia 78Returns to Rome Distinguishes himself as an orator in law courts 75Rhodes for oratorical/philosophical training Kidnapped by Pirates 73Asia Minor (Lucullus) 69Laudatio for Aunt Julia Cornelia dies quaestor Spain (Andalusia) Gades statue of Alexander Cisalpine route home

10. Rising Star 67 marries Pompeia 65curule aedile supported Lex Gabinia & Lex Manilia Lavish public games Restored statues of Marius to forum 63 Catilinarian conspiracy (popularis) pontifex maximus Deeply in debt 62 praetor Bona Dea incident 61Governorship of Hispania Ulterior successful campaign voted triumph by Senate standing for consulship in absentia blocked by Cato

11. Triumvirate- 60 BC Pompey Crassus Caesar

12. Consulship 59 Caesar consul –Land reform –Provincial governor misconduct –Pompey marries Julia –Caesar marries Calpurnia

13. Conquest of Gaul 58 governor of Cisalpine Gaul & Illyria –5 year command Transalpine Gaul added after sudden death of gov-desg –58 BC Helvetii defeated (Switzerland) –57 BC Belgae & Nervii –56 BC Veneti –55 and 54 BC expeditions to Britain –52 BC Battle of Alesia defeated union of Gauls led by Vercingetorix –whole campaign resulted in 800 conquered cities, 300 subdued tribes, one million men sold to slavery and another three million dead in battle fields. –Gaul remained loyal to Rome until AD476

14. Commentarii de Bello Gallico his own accounts of campaigns –7 books written at the end of each year sent to the Senate in Rome B.G.vi account of 53BC polished, clear Latin –simple and elegant style –3rd person narrative not history, but raw material for history

15. Crisis 55 Pompey & Crassus consuls –Command in Gaul extended 5 more years 54 Deaths of Julia & Aurelia 53 Parthian expedition 49 Senate votes to rescind command –Caesar crossing the Rubicon marches on Rome

16. Civil War 48 Pharsalus 48-7 Alexandria Cleopatra 47 Zela veni vidi vici 46 Thapsus 45 Munda

17. Dictator Perpetuus 46 returns to Rome –Reforms Colonization Census Corn Citizenship Calendar Enlarged Senate Debt reform Public works 44 Ides of March