1. This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this or any other of my teaching presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that I have used. Thank you, Vicki Hughes Labs, Activities, and WS for this presentation: Lorax WS

2. treklens.com Living organisms form relationships with their environments. ECOLOGY = the study of organisms and how they interact with their environments. ECOLOGY (EOG L17) CrashCourse Ecology Intro https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izRvPaAWgyw

3. Species = individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring How many species do you see? Canus lupus Vulpes vulpes Canus latrans Lycaon pictus

4. Population = group of individuals of the same species living in the same area How many Populations do you see?

5. Community = group of populations living in the same area

6. Ecosystem = group of communities living in the same area

7. Four Factors Affecting Populations Food Water Shelter Space

8. Factors that Limit Populations 1 8 7 5 4 2 10 9 6 11 (rain) 3 (soil) Abiotic = non-living Biotic = living 12 (bacteria)

9. Limiting Factors = anything that limits the size of a given population Density-Dependent Factors = limits to growth of a population based on the density (numbers of individuals in a given area) of the population. Individuals compete for resources Amount of resources available limit the population. Predator-Prey Ratios The ratio of predators to prey may limit the population. Niche = the role an organisms plays within its ecosystem Habitat = the place where an organism lives

10. Energy in Ecosystems (EOG L18 ( with Focus on Inquiry ) & ACT L39) The Players: Sun (main energy source) Producers/Autotrophs (plants) Consumers/Heterotrophs (eaters) Herbivores (plant eaters) Carnivores (meat eaters) Omnivores (plant & meat eaters) Scavengers (leftover eaters) Decomposers (breakdown crew) Who’s Who?

11. Food Chains Go in ONE direction.

12. Food Web = a network of interrelated food chains. Some webs include both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Cause & Effect: What happens if one element of the web is removed?

13. Energy Pyramids = shows energy consumption. Biomass Pyramid = shows amount of mass at each level. Each step is called a Trophic Level. Lose one “10th” with each step up the pyramid. Only 10% of energy is passed to the next level.

14. Succession = plant changes in an ecosystem Primary Succession – from original dirt to hardwoods Secondary Succession – rebuilt from cut down forest

15. Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems OXYGEN (at Lake Lure, NC) O2O2 O2O2 CO 2 Oxygen released into air by plants Oxygen removed from air by animals Oxygen released into air as CO2 CO2 removed from air by plants Oxygen released into air by industry as CO2 CO2 remains in air as pollution

16. Cycling of Atmospheric Gases 6. Decomposers 7. Denitrifying Bacteria 2. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria 1. Nitrogen in the air Nitrates 3. Nitrates absorbed by plants to make chloroplasts 4. Cow eats nitrates in plants 5. Nitrates leave cow Nitrates N NITROGEN CrashCourse Phosphorus & Nitrogen Cycles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leHy-Y_8nRs (EOG L19)

17. Other Relationships in Ecosystems (EOG L20) Competition = occurs when different organisms try to get the same resources.

18. Cooperation = occurs when different organisms work together to get the same resources.

19. SYMBIOSIS = permanent relationship between organisms of two different species MUTUALISM = both organisms benefit EXAMPLE: The ant and the acacia tree. The ants receive shelter, food and security from the tree. The tree receives nutritional benefits from the ants.

20. SYMBIOSIS = permanent interrelationship between organisms of two different species COMMENSALISM = one organism benefits and the other is not affected EXAMPLE: Cattle and cattle egrets. As the cows eat the grass, they stir up insects for the egrets to eat.

21. SYMBIOSIS = permanent relationship between organisms of two different species PARASITISM = one organism benefits and the other is harmed Parasite = benefitsHost = harmed EXAMPLE: Tick on a dog. Tick gains food and harms dog by drinking blood.

22. Predator-Prey Relationships The ratio of predators to prey may limit the population. Density-Dependent = density affects population growth Number of Individuals 60 50 40 30 20 10 YEAR 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Predator Prey Predator gets disease. Prey overpopulates. Prey starves. Prey goes up predators go up. Prey goes down predators go down. Direct Relationship Prey goes up predators go up. Prey goes down predators go down. Direct Relationship

23. Natural Disasters and populations Density-Independent = density of population has no effect on population growth

24. Population Dynamics (ACT L40) Migration = movement from one area to another Immigration = movement into an area Emmigration = movement out of an area Immigration of African Killer Bees

25. Carrying Capacity = the amount of organisms an ecosystem can support.

26. Exponential Growth Population growth of rabbits: > Start with one breeding pair (male and female) > The pair produces a new breeding pair every 12 weeks. > Not including deaths. Goes from 2 rabbits (original pair) to Over 140 rabbits in 30 weeks! Goes from 2 rabbits (original pair) to Over 140 rabbits in 30 weeks! Exponential Growth J-Curve Just imagine the population growth with the normal 4-12 kits per litter!!!!

27. Exponential Growth = rapid growth of a population. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html

28. ANY QUESTIONS?