1. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
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2. What is a phrase? Definition:
A phrase is a small group of words that adds meaning to a word.
A phrase is not a sentence because it is not a complete idea with a subject and a predicate.
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3. PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASE
KINDS OF PHRASE
NOUN PHRASE
PRE. PHRASE 9
INFINITIVE PHRASE
VERB PHRASE
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
GERUND PHRASE
ADVERB PHRASE
PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE
PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASE
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4. What is a noun phrase? Definition:
A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of noun.
A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun.
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5. STRUCTURES OF NOUN PHRASE
Noun pre-modifier
Modifiers before the noun are called pre-modifiers.
( modify means to limit, restrict, characterize, or otherwise focus meaning )
All of pre-modifiers that are present and noun together form
A NOUN PHRASE.
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6. Noun post-modifier NOUN PHRASE
Modifiers coming after a noun are called post-modifiers.
Ex- white house, the three old democratic legislators…
NOUN PHRASE
PRE-MODIFIER + NOUN
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7. The most common post- modifier is Ex- The glass on the table, the boy in the store………….
NOUN PHRASE
NOUN + POST-MODIFIER
Prepositional phrase
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8. Pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier
Ex- The boy on the top of the house……………. The overhead projector on the ceiling…… The teacher next to the window……………
NOUN PHRASE
Pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier
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9. EXPENSION OF NOUN PHRASE
PRONOUN
NOUN
DETERMINER + NOUN
PERSONAL PERSON
DET + ADJ + PRESENT .P + N
DETERMINER + ADJ + N
DET + NOUN + PRE.P
DET + ADJ + N + PRE.P
DET + ADJ + PRESENT .P +N + PRE.P
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10. What is a determiner? Definition:
Determiner is a word that is used to clarify the noun.
To define something or someone
To state the amount of people, things or other nouns
To state possessive
To state something or someone is specific
To state how things or people are distributed
To state the difference between noun
To state someone or something is not specific
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11. QUANTIFIERS ( few, much) ORDINALS ( first, second…….)
DETERMINER
DETERMINER
ARTICLES ( a, an, the)
DEMONSTRATIVES
POSSESSIVE ( my, your)
QUANTIFIERS ( few, much)
ORDINALS ( first, second…….)
NUMBERS ( one, two…...)
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12. 3 KINDS OF DETERMINER CENTRAL DETER- PRE-DETERMINER POST-DETERMINER
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13. What is a pre-determiner?
Definition:
A pre-determiner is a word that is used to put in front of other determiners in noun phrase.
Pre-determiner can be
Ex- all the children, both the boys, half the children
The subset ( all, both, half…..)
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14. Multipliers that consisting of ( once, twice, thrice )
Ex- once a day, twice a day, thrice a day…………… Ex- one-tenth the speed, two-third the time…………..
Multipliers that consisting of ( once, twice, thrice )
Fraction other than half ( one-tenth, two-third…)
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15. Ex- They now earn double their previous salary
Ex- They now earn double their previous salary. Ex- ten times the fatalities, three times a day four times each month………………………..
The subset ( double, treble, quadruple…)
Multiplying expression headed by times
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16. Exclamation ( what which ) can precede the indefinite article
Ex- what a day, what a happy occasion, such a friend
Exclamation ( what which ) can precede the indefinite article
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17. What is a central determiner?
Definition:
A central determiner is a word that is used to put after pre-determiner ( not all).
Ex- four time a day, two- third the time……..
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18. CENTRAL DETERMINERS CENTRAL DETERMINERS ARE ARTICLES DEMONSTRATIVES
INTERROGATIVE DETERMINERS
POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS
NOMINAL RELATIVE DETERMINERS ( WHICH)
RELATIVE DETERMINERS
INDEFINITE DETERMINER ( some, any)
WH-CONDITIONAL DETERMINER ( WHAT)
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19. What is a post-determiner?
Definition:
A post-determiner is a word that is used to put after pre-determiner and central determiner.
Ex- all my six children, all my two brothers………….
Cardinals
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20. Primary ordinals General ordinals Primary quantifiers
Ex- her twenty-first birthday……………………….. Ex- both her other daughter………………………….. Ex- all your few suggestions……………………………
Primary ordinals
General ordinals
Primary quantifiers
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21. What is a modifier? Definition: FORMS OF MODIFIER ADJECTIVE ADVERB
A modifier is a word or sentence element that is used to limit or qualify another word, a phrase or a clause.
FORMS OF MODIFIER
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
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22. KINDS OF MODIFIER
MODIFIER
POST-MODIFIER
PRE-MODIFIER
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23. What is a pre-modifier of noun?
Definition:
A pre-modifier of noun is a word that is used to put before noun and modify noun.
PRE-MODIFIER OF NOUN CAN BE
Ex- one single blood-pressure measurement…………
ADJECTIVE OR ADJECTIVE PHRASE
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24. Ex- It is a hundred and fifty pound job…………… Ex- the coming weeks…………………………………….. Ex- wasted natural resources……………………………
NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE
-ING PARTICIPLE
-ED PARTICIPLE
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25. Ex- the old soldier’s way…………………………… Ex- six essays…………………………………………… Ex- the then managing editor……………………..
GENITIVE NOUN PHRASE
NUMERAL
ADVERB
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26. Ex- behind- the- scenes negotiation…………………
Ex- behind- the- scenes negotiation………………….. Ex- It is required to allow updating and track entries by data from several sensors using a read and lock procedure call.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
CLAUSE
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27. What is a post-modifier of noun?
Definition:
A post-modifier of noun is a word that is used to put after noun.
Post-modifier of noun can be
Ex- It is just a question of which is the more efficient
approach.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
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28. FINITE RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE -ING PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Ex- We don’t have a constitution which stops government from legislating certain things. Ex- The air mass bringing the coldest temperatures is the polar continental mass which comes in from the Soviet Union.
FINITE RELATIVE CLAUSE
RELATIVE -ING PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
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29. RELATIVE -ED PARTICIPLE CLAUSE RELATIVE INFINITIVE CLAUSE
Ex- It is a school project planned for mine. Ex- And again Fred when is the time to do it.
RELATIVE -ED PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
RELATIVE INFINITIVE CLAUSE
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30. APPOSITIVE FINITE CLAUSE
Ex- It is really shorthand for the view that well-being depends on more than the absence of the disease. Ex- ………………….so you arrived the day before did you.
APPOSITIVE FINITE CLAUSE
ADVERB
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31. Ex- Ohm let me fine you something ethnic
Ex- Ohm let me fine you something ethnic. Ex- He is in his address this morning.
ADJECTIVE
NOUN PHRASE
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32. FUNCTION OF NOUN PHRASE
NOUN PHRASE CAN BE USED Ex- My old laptop is not working now.
1- SUBJECT
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33. Ex- …………………. sign your name there
Ex- …………………..sign your name there. Ex- I always tell people the truth when I was young.
2- DIRECTIVE OBJECT
3- INDIRECT OBJECT
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34. 4- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- Uh faith has been a gift for you. Ex- I called this little talk a survey of global economic crisis.
4- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
5- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE
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35. 6- COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION 7- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE
Ex- Ohm but why isn’t it in French. Ex- Simon is on this revision course.
6- COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION
7- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE
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36. Ex- You are a teacher of English, Dad. Ex- The flag goes up far side.
8- VOCATIVE
9- ADVERBIAL
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37. 10- PRE-MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE 11- PRE- MODIFIER OF PREPOSITION
Ex- The plane was 4 hours late. Ex- He revealed Washington had informed Pakistan an hour before the start of assault.
10- PRE-MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE
11- PRE- MODIFIER OF PREPOSITION
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38. 12- PRE-MODIFIER OF ADVERB 13- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN
Ex- Now Mercedes have always been good at insulting their car but they are gone a stage further with this. Ex- Women may suffer from lack of acceptable because too many of men their ages are dead.
12- PRE-MODIFIER OF ADVERB
13- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN
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39. 14- POST-MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE
Ex- We are short fifteen dollars. Ex- Students are short two hundred dollars.
14- POST-MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE
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40. What is an adjective? Definition: ADJECTIVE ANSWERS
An adjective is a word that is used to modify or to describe a noun or pronoun.
ADJECTIVE ANSWERS
How many..?
Which…..?
What kind…?
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41. What is an adjective phrase?
Definition:
An adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective.
The adjective phrase has its head as an adjective, which may preceded by pre-modifiers and followed by post-modifiers.
Sometimes only one adjective is also an adjective phrase.
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42. STRUCTURES OF ADJECTIVE PHRASE
ADJECTIVE PHRASES ARE
PRE-MODIFIER + ADJECTIVE
PRE-MODIFIER + ADJECTIVE + POST-MODIFIER
ADJECTIVE
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43. What is a pre-modifier of adjective?
Definition:
A pre-modifier of adjective is a word that is used to put before an adjective.
Generally, the pre-modifier is an intensifier.
Ex- This is a perfectly good conversation as
far as I am concerned.
Ex- That is a bit premature, isn’t it.
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44. What is a post-modifier of adjective?
Definition:
A post-modifier of adjective is a word that is used to put after an adjective.
Adjectives are typically post-modified by prepositional phrases and various kinds of clause.
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45. 1-PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
POST-MODIFIERS ARE
Ex- I was afraid of him, didn’t really know him. Ex- I expect you are glad you are not a vegetarian.
1-PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
2-THAT- CLAUSE
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46. Ex- Yes, you have to be careful what is available in what color
Ex- Yes, you have to be careful what is available in what color. Ex- If you have any questions then I would be happy to hear from you, but would you please allow me until 7 May.
3- WH -CLAUSE
4- TO INFINITIVE CLAUSE
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47. 5- ING- PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Ex- But police were busy handling out letters about operation to residents and Bush was happy with the result. Ex- No I am sure it is easier than they say.
5- ING- PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
6- COMPARATIVE CLAUSE
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48. Ex- It certainly tasted strong enough.
7- ADVERB
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49. FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVE PHRASE
ADJECTIVE PHRASE CAN BE USED
Ex- Well, it is a much less popular route.
Ex- No I mean Palin was extraordinary ugly.
1- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN
2- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
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50. 4- POST-MODIFIER OF A PRONOUN
Ex- He is opening his mouth very wide just now. Ex- There would still be eyes watching and wondering from a distance but, briefly there was no one close.
3- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE
4- POST-MODIFIER OF A PRONOUN
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51. 5- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN
Ex- To outsider London seems one of the most vibrant culture capitals of the world, a city bright with theaters ballet galleries.
5- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN
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52. 7- COMPLEMENT OF A PREPOSITION
Ex- Tonight I hope you will not mind if I eschew the academic. Ex- Kaye doesn’t finish till late.
6- NOMINAL ADJECTIVE
7- COMPLEMENT OF A PREPOSITION
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53. What is an adverb? Definition:
An adverb is a word that is used to modify or describe a verb, an adjective or another adverbs.
ADVERB ANSWERS
WHEN….?
HOW MUCH..?
HOW..?
WHERE…?
TO WHAT DEGREE…?
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54. What is an adverb phrase?
Definition:
An adverb phrase is a group of words that does the work as an adverb.
An adverb phrase has its head an adverb, which may be preceded by pre-modifier and sometimes followed by post- modifier.
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55. What is a pre-modifier of adverb?
Definition:
A pre-modifier of adverb is a word that is used to put before adverb.
The most common pre-modifier is ( very ).
Ex- I wear this occasionally but very rarely.
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56. What is a post-modifier of adverb?
Definition:
A post-modifier of adverb is a word that is used to put after adverb.
Two adverb intensifiers- enough and indeed are commonly post-modified adverb.
Ex- It was quoted often enough in the recent
debate in the other place.
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57. STRUCTURES OF ADVERB PHRASE
PRE-MODIFIER + ADVERB
PRE-MODIFIER +ADVERB + POST-MODIFIER
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58. FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB PHRASE
Ex- We are far too close to it. Ex- I am going to give you a prescription to clear up the infection, then you need to have your teeth extremely cleaned, as soon as possible.
1- PRE-MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE
2- PRE-MODIFIER OF AN ADVERB
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59. 4- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- Refunds of fee are not normally available. Ex- I thought he was here.
3- ADVERBIAL
4- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
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60. 5- PRE-MODIFIER OF A PREPOSITION 6- PRE-MODIFIER OF A PRONOUN
Ex-But I have a feeling they might be right by the door. Ex- When I look around my friends, virtually all of them seem to have got job careers.
5- PRE-MODIFIER OF A PREPOSITION
6- PRE-MODIFIER OF A PRONOUN
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61. 7- PRE-MODIFIER OF A DETERMINER 8- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NUMERAL
Ex- Everybody knows that the results in fact have absolutely no meaning and can be interpreted any way you like. Ex- The chap around forty is called Obama.
7- PRE-MODIFIER OF A DETERMINER
8- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NUMERAL
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62. 9- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN PHRASE 10- POST-MODIFIER OF A NOUN PHRASE
Ex- This is really quite a problem I imagine. Ex- Your friend here speaks English well.
9- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN PHRASE
10- POST-MODIFIER OF A NOUN PHRASE
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63. 11- POST-MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB
Ex- Well right that is fair enough then. Ex- Shall I move these way?
11- POST-MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB
12- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE
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64. 13- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE 14- COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION
Ex- At least we are outside. Ex- Oh I should have thought he have had before now.
13- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
14- COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION
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65. CUE
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66. What is a preposition? Definition: LOCATION (ON, UNDER, IN..)
A preposition is a part of speech that shows a relationship between two things.
PREPOSITION CAN BE ABOUT
LOCATION (ON, UNDER, IN..)
TIMING (BEFORE, AFTER, DURING………..)
DIRECTION (FROM, TOWARD, TO…………………..)
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67. CUE
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68. What is a prepositional phrase?
Definition:
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that consists of a preposition and followed by noun phrase that serves as the object of the preposition.
A prepositional phrase is composed of the preposition and a following noun phrase.
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69. FORMS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
PREPOSITION + NOUN ( PHRASE)
PREPOSITION + DETERMINER + NOUN ( PHRASE )
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70. Ex- The man in the house rented it. Ex- He went in the arena.
Prepositional phrases are used either adjectively to modify noun or adverbially to modify verbs, adjectives, or clause.
Ex- The man in the house rented it.
Ex- He went in the arena.
Ex- Obama was happy about the goal.
Ex- On reflection, I believe that Palin was a
good nominee to be named.
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71. FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Ex- Everybody questions the significance of the result. Ex- He was happy with his results.
1- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN
2- POST-MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE
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72. 3- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- Yesterday, the sun was just as it is in India. Ex- From the time I bought her out of hospital she never slept.
3- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
4- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE
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73. CUE
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74. What is a verb? Definition:
A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement.
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75. CUE
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76. What is a verb phrase? Definition:
A verb phrase is composed of the verb of the sentence and any modifiers of verb, including adverb, prepositional phrase or object.
A verb phrase is a group of verbs that consists of one or two helping verb (s) and one main verb.
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77. What is a helping verb? Definition:
A helping verb is a kind of verbs that is used to help other verbs make negative, interrogative sentence and make tenses or aspects.
A main verb is a kind of verbs that is used to state the action of subject.
( Main verb can’t be omitted )
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78. HELPING VERB + MAIN VERB
FORMS OF VERB PHRASE
VERB PHRASE
MAIN VERB
HELPING VERB + MAIN VERB
AUX + AUX + MAIN VERB
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79. What is an infinitive? Definition:
An infinitive is the name of certain verb forms that exists in many language.
In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle ( to): therefore, do and to do, be and to be and so on are infinitives.
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80. FORMS OF INFINITIVE VERB
INFINITIVE VERB CAN BE
VERB
TO + VERB
TO + ADVERB + VERB
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81. KINDS OF INFINITIVE VERB
BARE INFINITIVE
FULL INFINITIVE
CLEFT INFINITIVE
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82. HOW TO USE BARE INFINITIVE
Ex- Obama will give an official speech to his great
citizens after he is nominated.
Bare infinitive is used as the main verb after dummy auxiliary verb ( do or most modal auxiliary verbs ( will, can……….)
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83. Ex- I heard Cambodian prime minister speak in the conference yesterday
Ex- I heard Cambodian prime minister speak in the conference yesterday. Ex- Sarah Palin watches her speech be broadcast on CNN.
Bare infinitive is used after several verbs of perception ( see, watch, hear, and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive).
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84. Ex- She always makes me cry everyday
Ex- She always makes me cry everyday. Ex- Hillary lets Mc cain give a speech to his supporters in the white house.
Bare infinitive is used after several verbs of permission or causation including ( make, bid, let, and have………………………………)
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85. Ex- PAD always demands Thai prime minister be punished after he declined to solve economic downturn for his nations.
Bare infinitive is used as present subjunctive form and imperative form
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86. HOW TO USE FULL INFINITTIVE
Ex- To speak is very difficult for people who do not want to speak. Ex- To study seems uncomfortable.
Full infinitive is used like a noun phrase to be a subject of a verb.
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87. Ex- Obama is the man to talk to in the meeting
Ex- Obama is the man to talk to in the meeting. Ex- Clinton is the former president to be named.
Full infinitive is used like an adjective or adverb, expressing purpose or intent.
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88. Full infinitive is used as an object of a verb.
Ex- She wants to speak English with Palin. Ex- I asked her to make his case on his behalf.
Full infinitive is used as an object of a verb.
Full infinitive is used after the direct object of many transitive verbs.
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89. Ex- I arranged for him to accompany me or I waited for summer to arrive.
Full infinitive is used after an intransitive verb, together with a subject using the preposition ( for ).
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90. HOW TO USE CLEFT INFINITIVE
Ex- He wants me to strongly shout. Ex- Hillary wants Obama to strictly reform the USA after election.
Cleft infinitive is used to emphasize subject.
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91. What is an infinitive phrase?
Definition:
An infinitive phrase is composed of an infinitive verb and any modifying adverbs or prepositional phrase.
The infinitive phrase has three functions
ADVERB
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
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92. EXAMPLES Ex- My duty as a coach is to teach skills.
Ex- My sister wanted a cat to love.
Ex- Bill is eager to work on his skating.
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93. What is a gerund? VERB + ING
Definition:
A gerund is a verbal that ends in – ing and functions in a sentence as a noun.
VERB + ING
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94. 2- GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT
HOW TO USE GERUND
Ex- Travelling might satisfy your desire for new new experiences. Ex- They do not appreciate singing at concert.
1- GERUND AS SUBJECT
2- GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT
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95. 3- GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT 4- GERUND AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Ex- My cat’s favorite activity is sleeping. Ex- The police arrested him for kissing an 80-year old woman in the garden during water festival.
3- GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
4- GERUND AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
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96. 5- GERUND AFTER VERB PATTERN
admit
avoid
Carry on
consider
delay
deny
enjoy
dislike
finish
imagine
involve
practise
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97. 6- GERUND AFTER SPECIAL PHRASE
To be busy
Couldn’t help
Don’t mind
How about
It is no good
There is no
What about
Spend on time
It is no use
There is no point
Worth…
Feel like
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98. 7- GERUND AFTER PREPOSITION
Ex- After having a shower, I waited for Palin. Ex- I have three shirts that need washing. ( need, require, want……………………..)
7- GERUND AFTER PREPOSITION
8-GERUND IN PASSIVE
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99. What is a gerund phrase? Definition: GERUND PHRASE
A gerund phrase is a group of words that consists of a gerund and the modifiers ( pronoun, noun phrase, prepositional phrase, to infinitive phrase (adverb).
GERUND PHRASE
GERUND + DIRECT OBJECT
GER + D.O + PRE.P
GER + D.O + TO INFI.P
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100. HOW TO USE GERUND PHRASE
Ex- Finding a good teacher needs time. Ex- I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity.
1- GERUND PHRASE AS SUBJECT
2- GERUND PHRASE AS DIRECT OBJECT
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101. 3- GERUND PHRASE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Ex- Obama’s strategy has been lying to his supporters. Ex- You might get in trouble for taking an illness to avoid work.
3- GERUND PHRASE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
4- GERUND PHRASE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION ( FOR)
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102. What is a present participle?
Definition:
A present participle verb is a kind of verbs that ends in – ing form and functions as verb and as attributive verb.
VERB + ING
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103. HOW TO USE PRESENT PARTICIPLE VERB
Ex- Susanna is learning English at CUE now. Ex- The watering can that is used by Obama is mine.
1- PRESENT PARTICIPLE VERB is used to form the present action or present progressive.
2- PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used as adjective to modify noun.
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104. 3- PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used to modify verb or sentence.
Ex- Broadly speaking, the project was successful. Ex- Running for office, the senator tried to ignore the fact he took bribes.
3- PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used to modify verb or sentence.
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105. What is a past participle verb?
Definition:
A past participle verb is a kind of verbs that is finished by ( -ed ) or changed to the other form that depends on verbs.
VERB + ED
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106. HOW TO USE PAST PARTICIPLE
Ex- He has studied English since he was 12. Ex- The chicken was eaten after cook.
1- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to form the present perfect aspect.
2- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to form passive voice.
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107. 3- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to modify a noun, active sense.
Ex- Our fallen comrades will suffer at night. Ex-Our arrested hero will speak to his supporters at 12.
3- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to modify a noun, active sense.
4- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to modify a noun , passive sense.
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108. 4- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to modify a verb or sentence.
Ex- Given a wonderful handkerchief, Serey Mon smiles and says thank you to his audience.
4- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to modify a verb or sentence.
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109. What is a clause? Definition:
A clause is a unit containing a lexical verb.
A clause is a unit that consists of a subject and followed by a predicate.
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110. KINDS OF CLAUSE CLAUSE UPSTAIRS CLAUSE DOWNSTAIRS CLAUSE SENGHOR LAY
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111. What is an upstairs clause?
Definition:
An upstairs clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought.
SUBJECT + PREDICATE (COMPLETE IDEA )
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112. What is a downstairs clause?
Definition:
A downstairs clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate, but doesn’t express a complete thought.
A downstairs clause is often marked by a dependent marker word.
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113. KINDS OF DOWNSTAIRS CLAUSE
NOUN CLAUSE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE
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114. What is a noun clause? Definition:
A noun clause is a downstairs clause that functions as a noun within upstairs clause.
NOUN CLAUSE USUALLY BEGINES WITH
How , Why, What, Where, When, Who, That, Which, Whose, Whether….
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115. KINDS OF NOUN CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE THAT - CLAUSE WH- CLAUSE ING- CLAUSE
INFINITIVE -CLAUSE
ING- CLAUSE
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116. EXAMPLES
Ex- Everyone believes that Koy is the most handsome in Phnom Penh. Ex- What Obama believes is not very important. Ex- My plan is to marry Brad Pitt. Ex- I am scared of losing Brad I don’t move to Hollywood.
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117. FUNCTIONS OF NOUN CLAUSE
Ex- That Bush left early surprised us. Ex-The problem is that Cambodia is not a rich country.
1- NOUN CLAUSE is used as subject.
2- NOUN CLAUSE is used as complements
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118. 3- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a verb.
Ex- We didn’t realize that Obama can resolve problem. Ex- Finding out that Sok cried makes us bored.
3- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a verb.
4- NOUN LAUSE is used as an object of a gerund.
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119. 6- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a preposition.
Ex- He needs to know that she was arrested yesterday. Ex- The gossip was about why was arrested yesterday.
5- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of an infinitive.
6- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a preposition.
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120. 7- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a participle.
Ex- Realizing that she was killed, we ran to Paris. Ex- Are you sure that she was accused of killing?
7- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a participle.
8- NOUN CLAUSE is used as a complement of an adjective.
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121. What is an adjective clause?
Definition:
An adjective clause, also called relative clause, is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adjective.
An adjective clause is a downstairs clause that does the work as an adjective.
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122. Who Which That Whom When Whose Where
Adjective clause or relative clause always begins with relative pronouns.
Who
Which
Where
That
Whom
Whose
When
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123. We use adjective clause, also called relative clause, to identify or give additional information about nouns (people, places, or things…….).
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124. Who and Whom After ( who) you should see a verb.
Are used only for person or people. (Who) is the subject of the clause.
After ( who) you should see a verb.
( whom) is the object of the clause.
After ( whom) you should see a subject (noun, pronoun).
Who and Whom
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125. Sentence with adjective clause
Can be seen as combination of two sentences.
I have a friend. She loves to shop.
Ex- I have a friend who loves to shop.
Sentence with adjective clause
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126. who The man is playing baseball. The man is holding a bat.
Ex- The man who is holding a bat is playing baseball.
who
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127. Whom I see the doctor in the room. The doctor is my father.
Ex- The doctor whom you see in the room is my father.
Whom
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128. Is used only for things which can be both subject and object of the clause.
The telephone is in your room.
The telephone is ringing.
Ex- The telephone which is in your room is ringing.
Which
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129. Is used for both people and things ( less formal than whom and which )
That can be both subject and object of the clause.
I see the flowers.
The flowers are in the pond.
Ex- The flowers that you see are in the pond.
That
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130. Whose can be subject or obj. Whose + noun
Is the possessive and is used for both people and things and must be followed by a noun.
can be subject or obj.
Whose
Whose + noun
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131. Whose Ex- I heard the scientist whose work is attracting interesting.
Ex- I met the scientist whose work I admire.
The girl is crying. Her cat is sick.
Ex- The girl whose cat is sick is crying.
Whose
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132. Ex- Ben is my friend who lives in Boston.
The verb in the adjective clause is singular if the subject relative clause refers to a singular noun. It is plural if it refers to a plural noun.
Ex- Ben is my friend who lives in Boston.
Ex- John and Alex are my friends who live in
Paris.
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133. Can be the subject of the preposition in its clause
Can be the subject of the preposition in its clause. If the preposition is at the beginning of the clause, whom or which must be used.
Who, whom, which, that, (o)
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134. Ex- He is the writer who I work for. He is the writer for whom I work.
In formal English, we put the preposition at the beginning of the clause. Also, we use only whom not who or that to refer to people, and which not that to refer to things.
Ex- He is the writer who I work for.
He is the writer for whom I work.
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135. Where Ex- I want to know the name of city where you you were born.
Modifies the noun place ( country, city, building, house, room, street, and so on ).
Ex- I want to know the name of city where you
you were born.
Where
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136. When Ex- Obama wants to know the date when you were born.
Modifies the noun time ( century, year, …).
Ex- Obama wants to know the date when you
were born.
Ex- I will tell her the time when I am free.
When
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137. RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
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138. RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Identify the noun or pronoun modified. It gives information needed in order to know who or what the pronoun refers to. Ex- The car that has broken headlights belongs to my teacher of English.
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
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139. NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Give extra information about the noun or pronoun but is not needed to identify it.
Ex- The Eiffel Tower has an elevator, which I
rode to the top.
NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
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140. NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Who, which, whom, whose, where, when
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141. IN NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
Do not use the relative pronoun ( that).
Do not omit the objective relative pronoun.
Always put commas around a non- restrictive adjective clause.
IN NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
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142. If an adjective clause is a restrictive adjective clause, the adjective phrase is a restrictive adjective phrase.
If an adjective clause is a non- restrictive adjective clause, the adjective phrase is a non-restrictive adjective phrase.
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143. What is an adverb clause?
Definition:
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that functions as an adverb within main clause.
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144. KINDS OF ADVERB CLAUSE 1- TIME ADVERB CLAUSE OF 2- REASON 5- RESULT
4- CONTRAST
3- CONCESSION
6- PURPOSE
5- RESULT
7- PLACE
8- MANNER
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145. What is an adverb of time?
Definition:
An adverb clause of time is an adverb clause that is introduced by
When, whenever, while, as, before, after, till, until, since, and as soon as.
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146. EXAMPLES When he arrives, he will tell us the truth.
Mary was dancing while Bush was singing.
The train left as we arrived.
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147. What is an adverb clause of reason?
Definition:
An adverb clause of reason is an adverb clause that is introduced by
Because, since, for, and as ….
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148. EXAMPLES I was late because I could not catch the bus.
The manager dismissed Mary for she was very lazy.
As the weather was bad, we cancelled the picnic.
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149. What is an adverb of concession?
Definition:
An adverb of concession is an adverb clause that is introduced by
Though, although, even though, no matter how, no matter what, and as,…..
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150. EXAMPLES Although he is small, he is very strong.
No matter how smart they are, they are required to do the revision.
No matter what the doctor did, the girl was dead.
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151. What is an adverb clause of contrast?
Definition:
An adverb clause of contrast is an adverb clause that is introduced by
Whereas, and while…
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152. EXAMPLES We took the train whereas Peter drove.
While Obama is a good math student, we do well in English.
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153. What is an adverb clause of result?
Definition:
An adverb clause of result is an adverb clause that always linked with
So that, so+ adjective/ adverb + that and such + a + noun + that,…..
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154. EXAMPLES Tom was so weak that he could not run.
It was such a strange story that no one believe it.
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155. What is an adverb clause of purpose?
Definition:
An adverb clause of purpose is an adverb clause that always linked with
So that, in order that, for fear that, in case,….
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156. EXAMPLES He arrived earlier so that he would not late.
They brought a lot of food for fear that they would be hungry during the trip.
She brought the credit card in case she did not have enough cash.
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157. What is an adverb clause of place?
Definition:
An adverb clause of place is an adverb clause that is introduced by
Ex- Nobody knows where he has been.
Ex- He travels wherever he like.
Where, and wherever
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158. What is an adverb clause of manner?
Definition:
An adverb clause of manner is an adverb clause that is introduced by
As, as if, and as though….
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159. The subjunctive is used after as if, as though.
EXAMPLES
Please do as I have told you.
He cries as if he were mad.
He speaks as though he were the boss.
note
The subjunctive is used after as if, as though.
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160. COMPLETE IDEA
PREDICATE
SUBJECT
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161. What is a sentence? Definition:
A sentence is a group of words that beginning with a capital letter and ending with a full stop, exclamation, or question mark . In written language, containing a main verb.
A sentence is a group of words that usually contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete idea.
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162. What is a sentence? Definition: SUBJECT PREDICATE
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.
Sentence has two parts
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
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163. 4- COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE
KINDS OF SENTENCE
SENTENCE
1- SIMPLE SENTENCE
2- COMPOUND SENTENCE
3- COMPLEX SENTENCE
4- COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE
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164. What is a simple sentence?
Definition:
A simple sentence, also called as an independent clause, is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. It expresses a complete thought.
Ex- My teacher is a Cambodian.
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165. What is a compound sentence?
Definition:
A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by coordinators.
Coordinators are also called
FANBOYS
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166. What is a complex sentence?
Definition:
A complex sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause and joined by one or more dependent clause (s).
Ex- Palin will work with Obama
after she is nominated.
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167. What is a compound complex sentence?
Definition:
A compound complex sentence is a sentence that is composed of two independent clauses and one or more dependent clause (s).
Ex- She wants to be an educator, but Susanna
doesn’t want to do after she graduates.
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168. SOME ADDITIONAL SENTENCES
Definition:
A cleft sentence is a sentence formed by a main clause and a subordinate clause, which together express a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence.
Ex- It was from John that she heard the news.
CLEFT SEENTENCE
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169. What is a universal sentence?
Definition:
A universal sentence is the sentence in the present tense sometime refers to a state which holds at all times or at every time in the existence of the referent of the subject.
Ex- The sun rises in the east.
Ex- The earth is round.
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170. What is an imperative sentence?
Definition:
An imperative sentence is a kind of sentences that is used to give a command.
An imperative sentence sometime subject is understood.
Ex- Please, have a look at handsome man.
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171. What is a matrix sentence?
Definition:
A matrix sentence is a sentence that has been embedded as a constituent.
Ex- After eating the raw fish, the cat died.
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