1. + Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Understanding 21st Century Learners CHAPTER TWO any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

2. + 2-2 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Understanding 21st Century Learners Understand the characteristics of the 21st century learner. Characteristics of 21 st Century LearnersLearning TheoriesInformation and InstructionPrinciples of Effective InstructionPrinciples of Effective Media UtilizationPrinciples of Effective Text Utilization G OAL

3. + 2-3 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Introduction Technology and Media The global community Access & gain information Multicultural exposure Technological fluency Life Long Learning Knowledge and skills are evolving, future requirements are uncertain What is L EARNING ? Development of new knowledge, skills, or attitudes as an individual interacts with information and the environment

4. + 2-4 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Characteristics of 21 st Century Learners May not connect classroom knowledge with personal ideas Learners Expect Hands-on learning The teacher to act as a coach and facilitator To multitask To use multiple avenues to reach expected outcomes To use multimedia resources to gather information To share information with others Metacognition & Motivation

5. + 2-5 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Characteristics of 21 st Century Learners K ELLER ’ S ARCS MODEL Attention Relevance Confidence Satisfaction M ULTIPLE I NTELLIGENCES Verbal/linguistic Logical/mathematical Visual/spatial Musical/rhythmic Bodily/kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist P ERCEPTUAL P REFERENCES AND S TRENGTHS Information processing habits Physiological factors Learning style measurements

6. + 2-6 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Learning Theories B. F. Skinner Observable behavior Reinforcement or rewards Foundation for computer assisted instruction Does not reinforce higher-level skills Basic knowledge or skills BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE Implications for instruction and the use of technology and media

7. + 2-7 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Learning Theories Jean Piaget How learners receive, process, and manipulate information Mental models Cognitive strategies Independent learners Compromise between teaching the required standards and the metacognitive approach to teaching the 21 st century learner COGNITIVIST PERSPECTIVE Implications for instruction and the use of technology and media

8. + 2-8 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Learning Theories Engagement of students in meaningful experiences Active problem solving and discovery Interpret information for their own understanding Authentic tasks Use of knowledge to facilitate thinking in real life 21st century learners will need solve problems and seek information or skills to finding effective solutions CONSTRUCTIVIST PERSPECTIVE Implications for instruction and the use of technology and media

9. + 2-9 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Learning Theories Robert Slavin cooperative learning Social organization of the classroom independent study small groups whole group Student control Reward structure 21st century learners arrive with skills developed from technology-based social networking SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE Implications for instruction and the use of technology and media

10. + 2-10 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Information and Instruction I NSTRUCTION Meant to lead to learning The goal is a lasting change in capability of the learner Arrangement of information and the environment to facilitate learning I NFORMATION Knowledge, facts, news, comments, content Overview of ideas, general in content, background Not meant to be memorized

11. + 2-11 © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Principles of Effective Instruction Establish learning environments Engage students in learning Differentiate instruction T EACHER ’ S R OLE 8 P RINCIPLES Assess prior knowledge. Consider individual differences State objectives. Develop metacognitive skills. Provide social interaction. Incorporate realistic contexts Engage students in relevant practice. Offer frequent, timely, and constructive feedback

12. + 2-12 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Principles of Effective Technology Utilization Students use technology to communicate knowledge and skills Develop technology literacy through NETS-S Guide students to learn with technology Teach effectively with technology

13. + 2-13 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Principles of Effective Media Utilization Understand media Analyze media Create media Access media DEVELOP MEDIA LITERACY SKILLS

14. + 2-14 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Principles of Effective Text Utilization Text is everywhere TEXT LITERACY- the ability to gather and communicate information with text Reading and writing Use technology and media to address development A DVANTAGES Availability Flexibility Portability User friendly Economical L IMITATIONS Reading level Memorization Vocabulary One-way presentation Curriculum determination Cursory appraisal

15. + 2-15 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Principles of Effective Text Utilization Presenting information Reading assignments Handouts Supplements Designing materials Font choice Backgrounds and patterns Arrangement Check & Revise Diverse Learners Text readers Digital/audio books I NTEGRATION

16. + 2-16 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Principles of Effective Text Utilization All types of student materials Assess students’ literacy levels Selection rubric EVALUATION

17. + 2-17 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10e ISBN 0132099853 Demonstrating Professional Knowledge 1. What are three characteristics of the 21st century learner? 2. Describe the similarities and differences in the learning theories discussed in this chapter. 3. What are the eight principles of effective instruction? 4. Describe the similarities and differences in the principles of effective technology and media utilization. 5. What is text literacy? 6. Describe the advantages and limitations of integrating text into learning.