2. THE CIVIL WAR

3. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

4. OPENING SHOTS OF CIVIL WAR: FORT SUMTER, 1861 THE FORT, LOCATED IN CHARLESTON HARBOR, SOUTH CAROLINA, WAS THE UNION’S PROPERTY SO WHEN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY ATTACKED, IT WAS AN ACT OF WAR

5. THE WAR BEGINSFT. SUMTER, SC THE WAR BEGINS -- FT. SUMTER, SC Rebels took this federal fort on April 12, 1861 Stirred feelings of nationalism in both sides - both began forming armies 4 more states seceded after this attack: AR, NC, TN, VA Border States Border States – slave states that remained in Union: MD, KY, DE & MO (eventually WV also) Lincoln established “martial law” to keep them

6. The Leaders 16 TH U.S. President 23 STATES in Union CAPITAL - WASHINGTON, D.C. PURPOSE FOR WAR: PRESERVATION OF THE UNION –see secession as rejection of democracy –Why not a war against slavery yet? Jefferson Davis, President 11 states in CSA Capital - Richmond, VA (originally Montgomery) Purpose for War: protect states’ rights –right of self- determination Will be charged with treason at war’s end Story of the Bonnie Blue Flag

7. President Lincoln’s Cottage at the Soldier’s Home  During the Civil War, President Lincoln and his family resided here from June to November of 1862, 1863, and 1864.  Founded in 1851 as a home for retired and disabled veterans of American wars, the Soldiers’ Home stood on 250 acres atop the third highest area in the District of Columbia. Like President Buchanan before him, Lincoln enjoyed the cool breezes and refreshing peace of the Soldiers’ Home which was three miles north of downtown. But unlike his predecessor, Lincoln could not escape the Civil War and his burden of leadership even while at this seasonal retreat.

8. Uniforms At the beginning of the Civil War, uniforms were provided by individual states who chose a variety of colors for their uniforms. This led to massive confusion on the battlefield and often to soldiers firing on their own men. As the war went on, both sides chose a single color for their uniforms. The Confederates choosing grey while the Union selected blue.

9. ADVANTAGES POPULATION - 22 million vs. S with 9 million (& 3.5 are slaves) INDUSTRY - more than 80% of manufacturing TRANSPORTATION - ships & railroads (22,000 mi.) AGRICULTURE - most of grain crops & meat GOVERNMENT –already in place; strong central gov’t FINANCING – extensive banking system already in place LINCOLN’S WAR MACHINE! MILITARY LEADERSHIP - strong military traditions with many officers trained at West Pt.; Southerners “bred to fight” MILITARY STRATEGY - defensive strategy only & fighting on familiar territory NORTH SOUTH

10. The Generals Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman Robert E. Lee Thomas Stonewall Jackson George Meade James Longstreet George B. McClellan James E.B. Stuart

11. UNION ARMIES Much trial and error in generals before ultimately commanded by GEN. ULYSSES S. GRANT Why so hard for Lincoln to find a commander? ARMIES named after rivers (“Army of the Potomac”) BATTLES named after closest body of water (“Antietam,” “Bull Run”)

12.  ROBERT E. LEE declined Lincoln’s offer to lead U.S. troops after VA’s secession  ARMIES were named after regions (such as Lee’s “Army of the North”)  BATTLES were named after the closest settlement (for example, “Sharpsburg, Manassas”) CONFEDERATE ARMIES

13. ANACONDA PLAN: BLOCKADE Southern ports Keeps foreign aid out Ruins South’s economy Send gunboats down MS River to cut off flow of supplies & divide S Capture Memphis, Vicksburg, New Orleans Capture the Capital of Richmond Exhaust S’s resources, forcing surrender Once Grant in command – “TOTAL WAR” UNION / YANKEE STRATEGY

14. CONFEDERATE / REBEL STRATEGY DEFENSE! Initially, South had most victories Alliance Attempts –With Britain and France –Required South to show it had a chance to win. –Attacks into Union territory to draw Union troops away from the South and to impress potential allies As war goes on, strategy is: –evading the Union army –keeping the war going as long as possible, while inflicting casualties to demoralize the North.

15. A diplomatic crisis that took place between the U. S. and Great Britain from November to December 1861 Captain of the USS San Jacinto ordered the arrest of two Confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a British mail ship, the Trent, in order to seek support for the South in the Civil War. The British, who had not taken sides in the war, were outraged and claimed the seizure of a neutral ship by the U.S. Navy was a violation of international law. Ultimately Lincoln released the envoys and averted an armed conflict with Britain.

16. FINANCING THE WAR Income tax (3% on incomes over $800 - collected $667 million) Direct tax on states Loans - over $2.2 billion Issuing “greenbacks” ($431 million) - leads to inflation Tariffs Cost of living doubled in N by end of War Blockade is major issue –no $ through tariffs –supplies difficult Income tax & excise taxes - (covers only 2% of needs) Loans - borrowed $712 million Printing paper $ - over $1.5 billion UNIONCONFEDERACY

17. UNION POLITICS Republicans - large majorities in both Houses Party positions on slavery: –DEMOCRATS - leave it alone –COPPERHEADS (Peace Democrats) - want peace at any cost; anti-war –RADICAL REPUBLICANS - total = rts. for blacks; led by Sen. Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens in House –MODERATE REPUBLICANS - no slavery but not in favor of equal rights Lincoln suspends individual rights such as….

18. Weapons of the Civil War Canister Shot Minié ball Rifled Barrel Springfield Rifle, 1861 (Union) While the Union used many types of rifles, this was the most common. British Enfield Rifle, 1853 (Confederacy) While the Confederacy used many types of rifles, this was the most common. Officer’s Sword Artillery Projectile

19. First Modern War Better guns and bullets Gatling Gun Better Artillery Submarine Ironclads Telegraph Balloons

20. Tragic story of the H.L. Hunley World’s First Combat Submarine

23. BATTLE OF BULL RUN July 186l Bull Run Stream / Manassas, VA (near Washington, D.C.) North after Richmond - expecting a short war - McDowell South – under Beauregard - starting to retreat…except Stonewall Jackson – got his nickname here SOUTH WINSJackson kept fighting, reinforcements showed up & SOUTH WINS decisively North panicked / ran back to DC McDowell fired; McClellan hired North realizes it will not be a short & quick war The “Picnic Battle” The “Great Skedaddle” Sullivan Ballou

24. Clara Barton & the Red Cross Clara Barton's civil war work began in April 1861. After Bull Run, she worked to obtain and distribute supplies to wounded soldiers and had special permission to travel freely behind the lines and put herself in danger. Common sense practices: triage, clean bandages, everyone trained in basic first aid. 20,000 women become nurses She founded the Red Cross in 1861 to provide emergency relief in disasters and times of war and served as director until her death

25. MONITOR vs. MERRIMACK  March 1862  Merrimack (S) was 1st ironclad ship -- the Virginia  Monitor (N) is first U.S. iron ship  Merrimack attacking in Chesapeake Bay – - major damage to Union wooden ships  Monitor arrives next day  Battle of the Ironclads – first time in history  Neither side “wins” but  NORTH regains control of Chesapeake Bay  SUPERIORITY OF IRON SHIPS SHOWN!

26. BATTLE OF SHILOH April 1862 TN & MS borders North on way to Corinth, MS - rail center Surprise attack by South Terrible, bloody 2-days with extremely high casualties –more in 2 days than all battles of Rev. War, War of 1812 & Mexican War combined! U.S. Grant for North & Johnston for South Grant allows S to retreat; gets demoted War no longer seen as “romantic” test of courage NORTH WON … but Grant realizes the only way the war will be won is by total conquest of South

27. BATTLE OF BULL RUN -- II August 1862 Same Place - Bull Run Stream, VA (near Washington, D.C.) South led by Lee & Jackson North led by Pope (McClellan demoted after 7 Days Battles attempting to take Richmond - but gets command again after Pope loses Bull Run II) SOUTH WONSOUTH WON again Gen. Lee is now encouraged to invade the NorthSignificance: Gen. Lee is now encouraged to invade the North Gen. Stonewall Jackson

28.  September 1862 at Antietam Creek, Sharpsburg, MD  Lee has invaded the North hoping for victory that will give European support  McClellan found Lee’s plans wrapped around cigars & attacked Lee’s divided forces  S lost 11,000 & N lost 13,000 in one day!  NORTH “WON” since Lee retreated back to VA (but … & McClellan fired for good)  North doesn’t have another major victory for a year! ANTIETAM ANTIETAM - Single Bloodiest Day In U.S. History! EFFECT: Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation

29. Abolition pressure by 1862 –Radicals abolished slavery in DC, then territories –Confiscation Act - freed all slaves owned by persons in rebellion against US EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION September 22, 1862 Why did Lincoln resist emancipation? His preference? Finally issued it - WHY? Applies where? How is it different from Confiscation Act? Impact in South? In North? Result when slaves are later freed in South?

30. Emancipation in 1863

31. Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 After ANTIETAM, the SOUTH WINS two major victories in Virginia under Generals Lee & Jackson Fredericksburg - December 1862. Union Gen. Burnside delayed for more than 2 weeks due to late supplies – Confederate Gen. Lee positioned his army, deploying snipers to easily pick off Federal troops. Burnside retreats with the remnants of his army – fired by Lincoln. Chancellorsville May, 1863 North’s Gen. Hooker lost 17,000 men to an army half his size (Hooker then fired) South’s Gen. Stonewall Jackson was killed at this battle – by “friendly fire” Lee is encouraged to try invading the North again

32. The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

34. GETTYSBURG July 1-3, 1863  South - Generals Lee, Longstreet, Pickett – 76,000  North - General Meade – 92,000 men  South takes town & force North to high ground  South spends next 2 days trying to take the position  NORTH WINS; South suffers devastating losses  South lost 10,000 in “Pickett’s Charge” alone  South - 28,000 lost; North – 23,000 lost  TURNING POINT - loss from which the South could never recover  Lee’s 2nd & final invasion of the North  Lee retreated on July 4, 1863  Again, Meade doesn’t pursue – 2 more years of war!

36. Pickett’s Charge

37. Gettysburg Casualties

40. GETTYSBURG MEMORIAL SERVICES Thursday, November 19, 1863

41. The Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 The speech contains only 272 words, but is considered by most historians to be one of the greatest speeches in American History. Click on pic to hear Lincoln’s Address

43. VICKSBURG - May 2-July 4, 1863 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for the North North is seeking full control of the Miss. River & Grant had made 5 attempts to capture Vicksburg Grant surrounds the city & bombards them for more than 6 weeks ---- starves them out NORTH WINS – significance? now has total control of the MS River has cut the S in two -- cut off from TX & AR, its major food source

44. THE CIVIL WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT Economies CONFEDERATES Inflation; high prices Collapse of South’s transportation Little industry Many food shortages – led to food riots Southern morale down UNION Booming economy Growing industry – troops well supplied Many women workers –Invention of sewing machine by Elias Howe Agricultural technology

45. BLACKS IN THE MILITARY Recruiting Poster

46. BLACK SOLDIERS GET THEIR CHANCE! Many join Union army & navy after the Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1863 – MA Governor establishes one of first black regiments 54 th Massachusetts – led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, 25 year old son of wealthy white, Boston abolitionists Union, however, was reluctant to let them fight and will use them primarily in what way? -manual labor