1. Important MACROMOLECULES (“Large Molecules”) Used in Biological Systems: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

2. What Are They??? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids are the 4 major classes of organic compounds in cells. Because these are very large molecules and very important in Biological Systems, we refer to these 4 classes of organic compounds as the MACROmolecules of Life.

3. Important Terminology Compound: Two or more DIFFERENT molecules combined. Example: Water molecules bound together with hydrogen bonds are NOT compounds Example: Sucrose (table sugar) is a compound. (More than one type of molecule present. Mixture: Two or more DIFFERENT compounds combined. Organic: Any molecule that contains a carbon atom. ** All of the macromolecules discussed in this presentation are organic **

4. Monomer: Simplest single-carbon component of a compound or macromolecule. Dimer: Two monomers combined. Polymer: Many monomers combined to form a large “macro” molecule Important Terminology (cont.)

5. Composition of Macromolecules Elements Involved: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Formulas: Carbohydrates = CH 2 O Lipids = CHO Proteins = CHON Nucleic Acids = CHONP  ALL OF THESE MACROMOLECULES ARE ORGANIC

6. Monomers Involved: 1.Carbohydrates: monosaccharides 2.Lipids: glycerol and fatty acids 3.Proteins: Amino Acids There are 20 Amino Acids used to make proteins in mammals. 4.Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a ribose sugar. There are 5 known nucleotides. Composition of Macromolecules (continued)

7. CARBOHYDRATES (CH 2 O) Monomers of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Carbon Water (C 6 H 12 O 6 ==> CH 2 O) Carbohydrates are Sugars! Saccharide = greek word for sugar Where saccharin (artificial sweetener) got its name  Carbohydrates usually end with the – ose suffix

8. One saccharide molecule aka Simple sugars monomers that comprise carbohydrates Examples: Glucose – used in Cellular Respiration Fructose – fruit sugar Galactose – part of Milk sugar Ribose – part of DNA and RNA molecules Classification (Forms) of Carbs Monosaccharide

9. Disaccharide Two monosaccharides combined Examples: »Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (table sugar) »Maltose = Glucose + Glucose (malted milk balls, ice cream malts) »Lactose = Glucose + Galactose (milk sugar; lactation) Classification (Forms) of Carbs (cont.)

10. Polysaccharide Many monosaccharides combined Very large molecules Complex Carbohydrates Examples: »Glycogen – NRG storage in mammals »Starch – NRG stored in plants; Pasta »Cellulose – Paper; humans can’t digest Long chains of glucose Classification (Forms) of Carbs (cont.)

11. Uses of carbohydrates Used as a primary source of NRG in humans. Strength and Rigidity in plants Sweetener Paper Thickeners Example of Medical use: Heparin (polysaccharide) »(Hep-lock) Used to prevent excessive blood clotting when administering IV fluids in hospitals

12. LIPIDS (CHO) Monomers of Lipids : Fatty Acids and glycerol Lipids are Fats! Basic Elements: CHO Some Lipids are called “saturated” and some are called “Unsaturated.” Saturated: All 4 of Carbon’s possible binding sites are bound by atoms. These are solids at room temperature. (Examples: Vaseline, Wax, Shortening) Unsaturated: Not all of Carbon’s possible binding sites are bound by other atoms. Carbon will then form double bonds with other Carbon atoms. These are liquids at room temperature (Examples: Cooking Oil, gasoline)

13. Forms of Lipids Triglyceride = glycerol + fatty acid chains Lipids are stored in humans as triglycerides Fatty acids have two regions »Hydrocarbon chain »Carboxyl group (COOH) Steroids Cholesterol Bile salts Male and female sex hormones –Estrogen and Progesterone –Testosterone Wax Phosopholipid – Part of Cell membrane Prostaglandins Raise and lower blood pressure Contract smooth muscle (blood vessels, intestines)

14. Uses of Lipids Used as a Secondary source of energy in humans Construction of Cell Membranes Helps to maintain Homeostasis (prostaglandins) Protective Coatings Waterproofing agents; Car Wax Cooking Petroleum Products Gasoline; Paint Thinner; Vaseline Candles

15. PROTEINS (CHON) Monomers of proteins: Amino Acids Basic Elemental Components : CHON 20 Amino Acids found in Mammals Example of amino acids: Glycine Leucine  Amino acids usually end in –INE

16. PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS Single carbon amino acids = Peptides –Peptides are bound together to make DIPEPTIDES (2 peptides) or POLYPEPTIDES, (more than 2). The covalent bond between 2 peptides is called a Peptide BOND. Proteins are chains of amino acids AND Polypeptides are chains of amino acids! PROTEINS = POLYPEPTIDES!!! Leu Phe Trp Met Lys

17. More on Proteins Proteins are Temperature dependent! High temperatures will “Denature” proteins, which means they will break down, lose their shape, and cease to function Low Temperatures cause proteins such as enzymes to function less efficiently. The Optimal temperature for Protein function is body temperature. Body temperature is 98.6  F or ~32  C Example: Fevers are dangerous because proteins such as enzymes will stop functioning if temperature goes to high Fresh vs. Canned Pineapple in Gelatin »Enzyme (Bromelain) found in fresh pineapple breaks down protein »Gelatin is a Protein. »Mix fresh pineapple in Gelatin: Gelatin won’t set »Use canned pineapple: Gelatin will set. Why? Pineapple is heated during process of canning, which denatures bromelain

18. Forms of Proteins Enzymes = Proteins Act as catalysts for bodily reactions, which help reactions occur easier, faster, and with less energy. Plant Proteins: Gluten Example: Whey and Soy Protein Enzyme and Substrate Muscle tissue: Proteins are stored in the body as muscle tissue Last energy reserve but can be used as an NRG source if neither Carbohydrates nor Lipids are available.

19. Uses and Examples of Proteins Tertiary Energy Source in Humans Facilitate Reactions (Enzymes) Aid in Digestion (Enzymes) Coded for by DNA and RNA Examples (Forms): Insulin »Some diabetics don’t produce this Lactase »People who are Lactose Intolerant don’t produce this Amylase »Found in saliva; breaks starch into individual glucose »Makes potatoes sweet if you keep them in your mouth long enough

20. NUCLEIC ACIDS (CHONP) Monomers of Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous Five nucleotides; Four in each of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA Cytosine Thymine Adenine Guanine Uracil(replaces thymine in RNA) FORMS: DNA and RNA What does DNA and RNA stand for? DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA= Ribonucleic Acid FUNCTION: Stores Genetic information that codes for all the proteins in your body. Used as a template or blue-prints to build proteins.