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Chapter 6 Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:

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1 Chapter 6 Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:
Creating a New European Society and Culture (476–1000) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

2 This illustration from a fourteenth-century “Life of the Prophet” shows Muhammad’s family: His daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and Muhammad’s father-in-law Abu Bakr travelling together. Muhammad himself is not shown because like God he cannot be portrayed in Islamic art. Hence, whenever Muslims travel, Muhammad is in their midst but cannot be seen with the naked eye. The New York Public Library/Art Resource, NY Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

3 Germanic Migrations “Invasion” preceded by centuries of Roman-Germanic coexistence Ended with influx of Visigoths, starting 376, pushed by Huns from Asia Visigoths reached southern Gaul, Spain Vandals gained control of northwest Africa and western Mediterranean Burgundians settled in Gaul Franks settled in north-central Gaul Angles & Saxons in England Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

4 Map 6–1 BARBARIAN MIGRATIONS INTO THE WEST IN THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CENTURIES The forceful intrusion of Germanic and non-Germanic barbarians into the Roman Empire from the last quarter of the fourth century through the fifth century made for a constantly changing pattern of movement and relations. The map shows the major routes taken by the usually unwelcome newcomers and the areas most deeply affected by the main groups. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

5 Barbarian Rule 410—Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome
452—Attila the Hun invades Italy 455—Vandals sack Rome 476—Traditional end of Roman Empire when barbarian Odovacer deposes last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

6 Barbarian Rule (cont.) Barbarians saturate Western empire by end of 5th century Roman and Germanic cultures mix, Roman more influential Visigoths, Ostrogoths, & Vandals entered West as Arian Christians Franks of Gaul convert to Catholic (Roman) Christianity around 500, others to follow Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

7 Byzantine Empire (324–1453) Periods:
Construction of Constantinople in 324 to start of Arab expansion and spread of Islam in 632—(greatest political & cultural achievements) 632 to conquest of Asia Minor by Seljuk Turks in 1071 (or, fall of Constantinople to Western Crusaders in 1204) 1071/1204 to fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks in 1453 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

8 Map 6–2 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AT THE TIME OF JUSTINIAN’S DEATH The inset shows the empire in 1025, before its losses to the Seljuk Turks. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

9 Byzantine Empire under Justinian (r. 527–565)
Co-ruled absolutely with wife Theodora Constantinople: pop. 350,000, largest city, crossroads of Asia & Europe Centralized government: “one God, one empire, one religion” Law reform: four-volume Corpus Juris Civilis (“body of civil law”)—used as a model through the Renaissance Church of Hagia Sophia—Justinian’s most famous monument Briefly recaptured North Africa, Italy, southern Spain Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

10 Built during the reign of Justinian, Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom) is a masterpiece of Byzantine and world architecture. After the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Hagia Sophia was transformed into a mosque with four minarets, still visible today. Marvin Trachtenberg Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

11 Empress Theodora and her attendants
Empress Theodora and her attendants. The union of political and spiritual authority in the person of the empress is shown by the depiction on Theodora’s mantle of three magi carrying gifts to the Virgin and Jesus. The Court of Empress Theodora. Byzantine early Christian mosaic. San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy Photograph © Scala/Art Resource, NY Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

12 Byzantine Christianity
A.k.a. Eastern Orthodoxy Missionaries (later saints) Cyril & Methodius create Greek-based alphabet for Slavs of the Balkans—Cyrillic  Old Church Slavonic—international Slavic language through which Byzantine Christianity spread in Eastern Europe Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

13 Islam Muhammad (570–632) Marriage to wealthy widow in Mecca at 25
Religious epiphany at 40—God’s word recited to him by angel Gabriel Revelations collected by followers into Islamic holy book, the Qur’an (“a reciting”), 650–651 Summons all Arabs to submit to God’s will Muslim = submissive, surrendering Islam = submission Muhammad, “the Prophet,” believed to be last of God’s prophets Driven from Mecca, 622, returned with an army and conquered, 624 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

14 A Muslim and a Christian play the udor lute together, from a thirteenth-century Book of Chantsin the Escorial Monastery of Madrid. Medieval Europe was deeply influenced by Arab–Islamic culture, transmitted particularly through Spain. Some of the many works in Arabic on musical theory were translated into Latin and Hebrew, but the main influence on music came from the arts of singing and playing spread by minstrels. A Moor and a Christian playing the lute, miniature in a book of music from the “Cantigas” of Alphonso X “the Wise” (1221–1284). Thirteenth century (manuscript). Monastero de El Excorial, El Escorial, Spain/index/Bridgeman Art Library Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

15 Islamic Divisions 7th c. disputes:
Line of succession to Muhammad (caliphate) Doctrinal issues of inclusivity Shi’a: backers of caliph Ali; developed theology of martyrdom; embattled minority in mainstream Islam Sunnis (followers of sunna, “tradition”): majority centrist; loyalty to Islamic community above all Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

16 Muslims are enjoined to live by the divine law, or Shari’a, and have a right to have disputes settled by an arbiter of the Shari’a. Here we see a husband complaining about his wife before the state-appointed judge, or qadi. The wife, backed up by two other women, points an accusing finger at the husband. In such cases, the first duty of the qadi, who should be a learned person of faith, is to try to effect a reconciliation before the husband divorces his wife, or the wife herself seeks a divorce. Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

17 Islamic Empires Muslims attacked fatigued Byzantine & Persian empires, overrunning Persia by 651 By 750, Muslim Empire stretched from Spain through North Africa & Arabia to India Halted in Western Europe by Charles Martel at Poitiers in 732 Capital moved from Mecca to Damascus, then to Baghdad in 750 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

18 Map 6–3 MUSLIM CONQUESTS AND DOMINATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN TO ABOUT 750 C.E. The rapid spread of Islam (both as a religion and as a political-military power) is shown here. Within 125 years of Muhammad’s rise, Muslims came to dominate Spain and all areas south and east of the Mediterranean. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

19 Western Society and Christianity
5th & 6th c. decline 7th c.: Byzantine Empire occupied with Islamic threat, leaving most of the West to Franks & Lombards Western culture forming from Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian, and barbarian heritages Decline of temporal powers matched by rise of Christian church Church government modeled on Roman administration: centralized & hierarchical Cathedral became center of urban life, local bishop highest authority, with pope in Rome filling vacuum left by departed Roman emperors Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

20 Monastic Culture Monks growing in number & respect
With rise of Church, monasticism replaces martyrdom as highest tribute Life of chastity, poverty, obedience Hermit monasticism followed by communal monasticism—rise of monasteries Benedict of Nursia Founder of Benedictine order, 529 Monks Christianized England & Germany Rule for Monasteries Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

21 Papal Primacy Early state control of church in East & West (Emperor Constantine) Supplanted by doctrine of papal primacy: raised Roman pope to position of supremacy in the church Title pontifex maximus: “supreme priest” Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

22 Religious Division of Christendom
Differences between East & West: Nature of the Trinity Place of images in worship—Iconoclasm Eastern emperors’ claims to both secular & religious sovereignty—Caesaropapism Also: Eastern church denied existence of Purgatory, allowed divorce, permitted priests (but not bishops) to marry, and conducted services in the local language (vs. Latin or Greek) Schism of 1054—pope & patriarch excommunicate each other Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

23 A ninth-century Byzantine manuscript shows an iconoclast whiting out an image of Christ. The Iconoclastic Controversy was an important factor in the division of Christendom into separate Latin and Greek branches. State Historical Museum, Moscow Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

24 Kingdom of the Franks Frankish Merovingian dynasty established under Clovis (ca. 466–511) in Gaul Franks occupied modern France, Belgium, Netherlands, western Germany Beginning of most persistent medieval political problem: central rule versus local power Carolingian dynasty supplants Merovingian, 751, under Pepin the Short Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

25 Frankish Church Church dependent on Frankish protection against East and Lombards Carolingian policy under Charles Martel (d. 741): convert the conquered to Roman Christianity 755: Franks defeat Lombards, giving pope lands around Rome, creating the Papal States Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

26 Charlemagne (r. 768–814) Son of Pepin the Short; continued policy of protecting Rome & conquering land in the north 774, defeated Lombards in northern Italy & assumed title “King of the Lombards” Saxons subjugated, Christianized, eastern Avars destroyed Muslims driven beyond Pyrenees Kingdom of Charlemagne ultimately covered modern France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, western Germany, northern Italy, part of Spain, & Corsica Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

27 Interior of the Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen.
French Government Tourist Office Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

28 Charlemagne (cont.) Desired to be “universal emperor” of a Frankish Christian empire Constructed palace city at Aachen, imitating ancient Roman & contemporary Eastern courts Used church to promote social stability & order Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in 800; began what came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire—considered revival of old Roman Empire, based in Germany after 870 Governed through about 250 counts who maintained local armies, collected dues, & administered justice through local law court or mallus; problem of loyalty Missi domenici: royal envoys sent to oversee counts; marginally effective Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

29 Map 6–4 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE TO 814 Building on the successes of his predecessors, Charlemagne greatly increased the Frankish domains. Such traditional enemies as the Saxons and the Lombards fell under his sway. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

30 Carolingian Renaissance & Decline
Europe’s best scholars brought to Aachen to develop culture & education; also improve imperial administration Alcuin of York (735–804): Anglo-Saxon director of palace school; brought classical & Christian learning in schools run by monks Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

31 A Multicultural Book Cover Carolingian education, art, and architecture served royal efforts to unify the kingdom by fusing inherited Celtic-Germanic and Greco-Roman-Byzantine cultures. Charlemagne, his son, and grandsons decorated their churches with a variety of art forms, among them illuminated manuscripts, such as the bejeweled metalwork that became the binding of the Lindau Gospels (c. 870). Art Resource/The Pierpont Morgan Library Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

32 Breakup of the Carolingian Empire
Weakness of empire was regionalism; local counts look to self-interest Louis the Pious (r. 814–840): problem of dividing empire among his sons Treaty of Verdun, 843: Carolingian Empire divided among warring sons West (France): Charles the Bald Middle: Lothar (Lotharingia) East (Germany): Louis the German Middle kingdom split again at Lothar’s death, inciting conflict between eastern & western kingdoms (Germany & France) that continued into modern times Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

33 Map 6–5 THE TREATY OF VERDUN, 843, AND THE TREATY OF MERSEN, 870 The Treaty of Verdun divided the kingdom of Louis the Pious among his three feuding children: Charles the Bald, Lothar, and Louis the German. After Lothar’s death in 855, his lands and titles were divided among his three sons: Louis, Charles, and Lothar II. When Lothar II, who had received his father’s northern kingdom, died in 870, Charles the Bald and Louis the German claimed the middle kingdom and divided it between themselves in the Treaty of Mersen. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

34 Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims
New External Threats Vikings Magyars Muslims Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

35 Map 6–6 VIKING, ISLAMIC, AND MAGYAR INVASIONS TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY Western Europe was sorely beset by new waves of outsiders from the ninth to the eleventh century. From north, east, and south, a stream of invading Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims brought the West at times to near collapse and, of course, gravely affected institutions within Europe. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

36 This 75-foot-long Viking burial ship from the early ninth century is decorated with beastly figures. It bore a dead queen, her servant, and assorted sacrificed animals to the afterlife. The bodies of the passengers were confined within a burial cabin at mid-ship surrounded with a treasure trove of jewels and tapestries. © Museum of Cultural History-University of Oslo, Norway Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

37 Feudal Society Middle Ages: chronic absence of effective central government, constant threat of famine, disease, invasion; weaker sought protection of stronger Feudal society: social, political, military, economic system that arose from these conditions Society dominated by warlords Vassals: men promising service to more powerful men in exchange for protection; developed into professional military class (knights) Terms: fealty, fief, scutage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

38 Daily Life & Religion Manor: village farm, center of rural agrarian economy, tended by peasant tenant farmers Demesne: the part of the land tended for the lord of the manor; usu. 1/4 to 1/3 of the land Peasants: freemen or serfs; paid various dues in kind to lord Three-field system of crop rotation: summer crops in one field, winter crops in next field, third field fallow Vassal could swear fealty to more than one lord: problem of loyalty “Liege lord”: one to whom loyalty is owed above all others Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

39 [Top] The Lord of the Manor Dining.
[Bottom] Kitchen Scene; Chopping Meat. From The Luttrell Psalter, by permission of The British Library ( ). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

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