1. Fossil Fuels Chapter 11

2. Energy Consumption Per capita energy consumption

3. Energy Consumption Energy consumption in the US

4. Energy Consumption Energy consumption in the US

5. Energy Consumption Energy consumption in the US

6. Fossil Fuels Are nonrenewable resources How Fossil Fuels Formed

7. Coal Types of Coal: Lignite (lowest quality) Subbituminous coal Bituminous coal Anthracite (highest quality)

8. Coal Coal Reserves

9. Coal Two basic types of Coal Mining: 1) Subsurface (underground) 2) Surface

10. Coal Safety Problems Associated with Coal 1) Increased risk of cancer 2) Black lung disease

11. Coal Environmental Impacts of the Mining Process: Prior to 1977, most surface mines were abandoned. Leading to water pollution and acid mine drainage. Current law requires all surface mines to be reclaimed.

12. Coal Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal: Increases CO 2 concentration in atmosphere Lower quality coals release sulfur and nitrogen dioxides, causing acid deposition

13. Coal Legislation and Technologies 1. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) *Acid mine drainage??? 2. Clean Air Act of 1990 *Resource Recovery 3. Clean Coal Technologies: *fluidized-bed combustion

14. Coal Making Coal a Cleaner Fuel Using scrubbers Using fluidized-bed combustion

15. Oil Major Flows of Crude Oil http://factsonfuel.org/gasoline/index.html#1gasoline

16. Oil Major Flows of Crude Oil http://factsonfuel.org/gasoline/index.html#1gasoline

17. What is in the price of Oil? * Percentages vary slightly

18. Refining Oil

19. “Big Oil”COMPANY WORLDWIDE OIL PRODUCTION Million barrels per year, 1998 Saudi Arabian Oil Co. * 3028 Petroleos Mexicanos * 1278 Petroleos de Venezuela * 1258 China National Petroleum * 1168 BP Amoco + Arco 963 ExxonMobil894 Royal Dutch/Shell 859 Nigerian National Oil Co. * 772 Iraq National Oil Co. * 770 Kuwait Petroleum * 757 Chevron + Texaco 756

20. “Big Oil” and ? Largest US oil producers, 2004 thousand barrels per day BP827 Chevron Texaco493 Shell413 ConocoPhillips322 Occidental261 Aera Energy216 ExxonMobil213 Kerr-McGee152 Apache95 Anadarko88 These top 10 companies represent 56% of total US oil production. Largest US natural gas producers, 2004 million cubic feet per day BP4252 ExxonMobil2513 Devon Energy2244 ChevronTexaco2128 ConocoPhillips2110 Burlington Resources acquired by ConocoPhillips, 2005- 06 1928 Shell1894 Anadarko1628 Kerr-McGee1459 Chesapeake Operating1368 These top 10 companies represent 39% of total US natural gas production.

21. Largest producer crude oil is ????/ Saudi Aramaco is ranked no. 1 among oil companies worldwide in terms of crude oil production and exports, and is among the leading producers of natural gas. So Friendly and happy !

22. Oil and Natural Gas World commercial energy sources for electrical power:

23. Oil and Natural Gas Petroleum refining

24. Oil and Natural Gas Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas

25. Oil and Natural Gas Reserves of Oil

26. Oil and Natural Gas Reserves of Natural Gas

27. Oil and Natural Gas Global Oil Demand and Supply North America & Western Europe Consumption Production Persian Gulf region 50.6% 28.9% 5.9% 26.7%

28. Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas Production – Land disturbance Transport – Oil spills Combustion – – Pollution –Increased CO 2 emissions –Acid deposition

29. Oil and Natural Gas Largest Oil Spill in the US: Alaska, 1989

30. Oil and Natural Gas Largest Oil Spill in the US: Alaska, 1989

31. Oil and Natural Gas Case-in-Point: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

32. Synfuels and Other Potential Fossil Fuel Resources Synthetic fuel sources: Tar sands (oil sands) Oil shales Gas hydrates Coal liquefaction Coal gasification Problem: these all still produce CO 2

33. The U.S. Energy Strategy Obj. 1: Increase energy efficiency and conservation

34. The U.S. Energy Strategy Obj. 1: Increase energy efficiency and conservation Obj. 2: Secure future fossil fuel energy supplies Obj. 3: Develop alternative energy sources Obj. 4: Meet above objectives without further damage to the environment