1. Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilization: China 2

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 2100-1600 B.C. Xia 1600-1050 B.C. Shang 1046-256 B.C. Zhou (Chou) 221-206 B.C. Qin (Ch’in) 206 B.C – 220 A.D. Han 220 – 259 Six Dynasties 581-618 Sui 618-906 Tang (T’ang) 907-960 Five Dynasties 960 – 1279 Song (Sung) 1279 – 1368 Yuan (Mongols) 1368-1644 Ming 1644-1912 Qing (Ch’ing) 1912 – 1949 Republic period 1949 – Present Peoples Republic of China

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Establishment of Political Order New order from 700s B.C. –New political structures –Zhou (joh), Qin (chin), then Han rule –Establishment of enduring institutions

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Classical China Zhou (joh) Dynasty (1029-258 B.C.) –Came from the north, replacing Shang –System of indirect rule –Territorial expansion –Some centralization  Linguistic unity  Religious practices reshaped

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Qin (chin) Rule –Originally nomadic, marginal –Shi Huangdi  Zhou rival  Rules from about 200 B.C.  Great Wall  Great centralization  Death of Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C. Leads to a period of conflict Patterns in Classical China

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Chinese Translation Wade-Giles – Thomas Wade and Herbert Giles developed a system to translate Chinese into English since 1892. Pinyin System – System created by the Chinese in 1958 to translate Chinese into English. Has replaced Wade-Giles.

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Han (Han) Dynasty –Territorial expansion  Contact with India  Trade with Roman Empire –Wu Ti (140-87 B.C.) –7 th Han Emperor  Establishes peaceful rule and Made China the most powerful Nation in the world. Han rule strong until about 220 A.D. Patterns in Classical China Emperor Wu Ti aka – Liu Che

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Establishment of Political Order Han Dynasty –Overthrew Qin in 207 B.C. –Ruled for four centuries –Long-lasting, stable bureaucracy –Rise of Chinese sense of uniqueness

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Establishment of Political Order Cultural traditions –Broad isolation –Enduring philosophy of yin and yang Chinese view of the harmony of nature. Yin – Female – cold, moon, earth. Yang – Male – warm, sun

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Classical China Pattern established –New dynasty  Begins rule strong, economic strength  Dynasty weakens, revenues decline  Internal rebellions and invasions –Succeeding dynasty emerges

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Government allows rule of large territory –Reliance on family structure  Ancestor worship –Local rule weakened  Single law code over all  Rule from center out Patterns in Classical China

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Strong Bureaucracy –Power of warrior-landlords lessened –Examination system put in place by Wu Ti –Highly-integrated system  Trained bureaucrats  Some limits on imperial power Patterns in Classical China

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ancient Capitals

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Roles of the state –Military role not preeminent –Economic role  Weights, measures, currency –Public works Patterns in Classical China

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Confucianism (Kong Fuzi c. 551-478 B.C) –Concern with stability, peace –An ethical system –Role of moral elite  Education central –The Confucian Gentleman  Moral rectitude  Public and private spheres equally important  Kings should be reminded of duties

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Legalism – Shang Yang –Favored a strong state, ruling through force –Belief that human nature was basically evil –In opposition to Confucianism in many ways  Yet the two often combined in exercise of power

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Popular religion –Confucianism has limited appeal –Polytheism persists  Conciliation of spirits  Family ceremonies

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Laozi (400s B.C.) “old master” –Philosopher – Founder of Daoism (Taoism) –Retreat from society –State cannot solve all problems –Nature  Dao, cosmic force OM ॐ –Meditation

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Variations of Laozi Lao Tzu Lao Tse Lao Tu Lao Tzu Lao Tsu Laotze Laosi Laoazi Laocius

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Literature, Art, and Science –Five Classics  Combination of genres  Basis for government examinations –Decorative arts  Calligraphy –Science concentrated on the practical

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society Confucian Social System –Landowning aristocracy and bureaucrats –Laboring masses: peasants and artisans –The “mean people”  Unskilled laborers  Performing artists  Slaves

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society Trade and technology –Trade increases under the Zhou and Han  Little respect for trade and merchants –Technology  Plows, new collar for draft animals  Iron tools  Water-powered mills  Paper

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society Gender and Family Life –Great emphasis on authority –Parental authority especially upheld –Women subordinate to men

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert How Chinese Society Fits Together Isolation –View of surrounding peoples as inferior –No missionary desires –Buddhism an exception

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert How Chinese Society Fits Together Social and Cultural Links to Politics –Society viewed as a whole –Government and society seen as one –Agriculture tied to government through revenue. –Rice – Oryza Sativa – Asian Rice.

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert How Chinese Society Fits Together Complexities in Classical China –Confucianism versus Daoism  Many points of overlap  But some antagonism –Balance often upset  Overpopulation might lead to uprisings

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: Classical China and the World Qin and Han China –Agriculture permits large population –Development of technologies –Influence through the Silk Road  China connected with other areas  Trade mostly by nomadic merchants –The “Middle Kingdom”  Influence on surrounding peoples

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert