1. The Salt Water Biome Nora Houseknecht Emily Raviele Marissa Graham
Anna Cameselle
Rachel Rossello

2. Ocean Water
Earth's oceans- 324 mil cubic miles of seawater (71% of Earths surface) 
53 mil bil tons of salts/gases/other substances
Varies in- temp, pressure, oxygen & light
Fact: about 97%  of the earth's water is in interconnected oceans
Ocean water: 
Earth's oceans- 324 mil cubic miles of seawater
53 mil bil tons of salts/gases/other substances
Varies in- temp, pressure, oxygen, light

3. Sunlight provides necessary energy for currents
sunlight penetrates upper 200m 
dissolved oxygen levels higher near surface
Why is sunlight important to the ocean?
provides necessary energy for currents
 conversion of energy into heat helps form layer of warm water near surface
 transmission of light is essential to salt water productivity
 phytoplankton produces roughly half the oxygen in our air 
 if water were not relatively transparent to light, ocean would be a large dead zone
decreasing ozone levels in atmosphere = higher levels of UV

4. Nutrients -biologically important ions
-where rivers meet oceans (brackish water)
     1. principle supply from rivers
-critical for cell growth = nitrogen & phosphorus
- building shells and skeletons = silicon & calcium 
-fertilizers, detergents and human/animal waste are pollutants     1. lead to hypoxia/ algae blooms
-bio-degradation & bacteria recycling 
-tropics: nutrients are limited
-secret to wetland productivity: a complimentary mix

5. What is upwelling?
In open ocean nutrients often are in short supply and limit net primary productivity (NPP). 
NPP is much higher in parts of ocean where upwelling occurs

6. Human Impact 5 potential sources of marine pollution
 land based activities account for about 90%
 other 4 causes of pollution:
vessels
continental shelf drilling
deep-seabed mining
ocean mining

7. Human Impact Oil leaks and spills Industrial and nuclear waste
Surface run off

8. VIDEO TIME

9. Circulation and Climate
Constantly in motion
Currents maintained by:
solar heating of atmosphere
prevailing winds
Earth's rotation
temp and salinity of surface waters

10. Ocean Winds Patterns of winds Coriolis effect
Prevailing Winds 
Produced by pressure differences
Trade winds- tropics and subtropics- air movements toward equator in Hadley cells- deflected westward
pattern of winds : modified by linked areas- low and high pressure (cyclones and anticyclones)
coriolis effect:
caused by Earth's spin
atmos. cells --> air moves north to sout

11. Currents

12. Meeting of Currents Warm and cold currents
Triggers upward flow of nutrient-rich waters from sea floor
Produces good feeding grounds for fish, sea birds and mammals
Boundary Currents 
Currents at edges of gyres
West- strong, narrow and warm - move heat away from equator
Gulf Stream and Brazil Current
East- weak, broad and cold
- Warm and cold currents- meet and interact
- Ex: meeting of Gulf Stream with Labrador Current (off eastern seaboard of US and Canada)

13. Water Circulation Underwater Circulation Vertical from water surface
 upwelling and downwelling
Deep Water Circulation 
Driven by major downwelling zones
 north atlantic
sinks- properties stay stable for long time
specific mass of seawater- 1,000 yrs to complete circuit

14. Tide Pools Areas on rocks by the ocean that are filled with sea water
Vary in size
Source of food and oxygen for organisms

15. Salinity 96.5% water 3.5% dissolved substances
Waters enters sea from rain, inflow from streams, groundwater 
types of organisms found are determined by salinity
Weathering
Hydrothermal vents
The Dead Sea

16. Tropical Reefs and their importance
Control erosion of shorelines 
Provide food and habitat for fish and organisms
Considered a "hotspot" for marine biodiversity
helpful:
- they control the erosion of shorelines.
- provide a source of food for local fish and make up as much as 25% of their dietary protein.
important because:
- considered a hot spot for marine biodiversity.
Found:
- In shallow tropical waters where it is warm and the sun can easily reach it to perform photosynthesis.

17. Tropical Reefs How they are formed:
built up slowly by algae and corals which leave behind calcified deposits
Destruction of reefs caused by:
human and natural effects- Hurricanes, poor fishing practices, polluted waters, warming waters that weaken and bleach corals

18. Hurricanes 3 Conditions necessary for a hurricane to form:
Warm ocean water near surface
Moisture from water evaporation to mix with heat and energy
Wind pattern near ocean surface
 Another factor that adds to the
    power of a hurricane are 
    thunderstorms.
How hurricanes are created:
The following 3 conditions are necessary for a hurricane to form:
- the ocean waters must be warm enough at the surface to put enough heat and moisture into the overlying atmosphere to provide the potential fuel for the hurricane.
- atmospheric moisture from sea water evaporation must combine with that heat and energy
- a wind pattern must be near the ocean surface to spirals air inward.
- Bands of thunderstorms form, allowing the air to warm further and rise higher into the atmosphere. If the winds at these higher levels are relatively light, this structure can remain intact and grow stronger

19. Works Cited
Picture of salt water intrusion: ofhttp://callisto.ggsrv.com/imgsrv/FastFetch/UBER1/ A003-T2 Salt water intrusion, 2010
Picture on title slide:
NASA'S SOLO-TREC Draws Free Energy from the Ocean
2005
Ocean winds, currents and pictures:
Ocean- The World's Last Wilderness Revealed American Museum of Natural History
Coral reefs:
NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program- Value of Coral Reef ecosystems (10/18/11)
RIT libraries- Tropical Coral Reefs (10/18/11)

20. Works Cited Cont.