1. 8/20/10 Review

2. Basic Atomic Structure Neon Nucleus 10 Protons 10 Neutrons 1. What is the atomic mass? 2. What is the atomic number? 3. Is this a stable atom?

3. Ion or Isotope? Lithium Atom ProtonNeutronElectron 4. 5. 6. Is the ion an anion or a cation?

4. Molecule or Compound? ProtonNeutronElectron 7.8. Carbon Nucleus Oxygen Nucleus 9. Are these bonds covalent or ionic?

5. Label the locations of the partial negative charge, partial positive charge, and hydrogen bond Oxygen H H H H 10. 11. 12. 13. Are the bonds in water molecules non-polar or polar covalent?

6. 14. What is homeostasis? 15. What region of the brain controls hunger? 16. What hormone signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat? 17. How does cannabis stimulate hunger? 18. What are the four types of energy? 19. What four elements make up 96% of the average person’s body weight?

8. Why is ice opaque when water is clear? In your home freezer the ice is made by filling a tray with water. Cold air on the mold causes the water to freeze from the outside in. As the water freezes, entrapped air and minerals are moved out of the freezing ice toward the unfrozen center. Eventually the trapped air becomes frozen water with air bubbles which looks like cloudy ice.

9. What creates “the high” when a person uses marijuana? The psychoactive effects of THC are mediated by its activation of the CB 1 receptor, which is the most abundant G protein-coupled receptor in the brain. Exact mechanisms are unknown.

12. Subjects Types of Chemical Reactions Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds Primary Organic Compounds

13. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reactions Two or more atoms or compounds combine to form a larger, more complex compound. Bonds are created Requires energy A + B  AB

14. Amino Acid Chains: Synthesis Reactions C C O O N R H H H H C C O O N H R H H H

15. Decomposition Reactions AB  A + B A compound is broken down into smaller compounds. Produces energy through the breaking of bonds.

16. Exchange Reactions AB + C  AC + B or AB + CD  AD + CB A switch is made between the parts of compounds.

17. Organic Vs. Inorganic Organic compounds Contain carbon with exceptions such as carbon dioxide Inorganic compounds Lack carbon Tend to be small, simple molecules Examples Water Salt Acids and Bases

18. Inorganic Compounds Water 2/3 of your body weight Importance High Specific Heat: Prevents rapid changes in body temperature Cushion Protects the brain and developing fetus Chemical reactivity Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions Polarity: Excellent solvent Transport and exchange

19. Universal Solvent: Figure 2.10 Oxygen H H H H Na+ Cl- *

20. Salts Ionic compounds (electrolytes) Dissolve easily in water Required for muscle contraction and neural transmission: Ca, K, Na Salt in bones and teeth: Ca, P Water Balance: Na

21. Water Intoxication Alters the osmotic gradient Cause swelling in the brain which can eventually interrupt the flow of blood

22. Organic Compounds Carbohydrates “hydrated carbon” 1 oxygen: 2 hydrogen Provide energy Sugars and starches Composed of monosaccharides Basic structure: Ring or chain of 3-7 carbon atoms

23. Disaccharides Formed by synthesis reactions Dehydration synthesis (Figure 2.13) Broken down by hydrolysis by the digestive system before being absorbed into the blood Common disaccharides Sucrose in cane sugar Lactose in milk Maltose in malt sugar

24. Polysaccharides Long, branching chains of sugars Starch in plants Glycogen in animals

25. Lipids Enter the body as fatty meats, egg yolks, milk products, and oils Contain a much more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen. Most abundant in the body Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

26. Triglycerides Neutral Fats Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Major source of stored energy Found in fat deposits beneath the skin and around body organs Insulate the body and protect the body

27. Phospholipids Two fatty acid chains and phosphorus group Large component of cellular membranes Fatty acid chains Hydrophobic Contains a phosphorus group Bears an electrical charge Polar and hydrophilic

28. Phospholipid Bilayer

29. Nanoscale Transistor Sensor Smaller than viruses Measures ion flux and electrical signals Has the potential to measure individual biochemicals Why does it destroy the cell?

30. Steroids Flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings Primarily carbon and hydrogen Cholesterol Used to form vitamin D Sex hormones Cortsiol Bile salts

31. Proteins Account for 50% of organic matter in the body Composed of C, H, O, and N Building blocks are amino acids Amine group, acid group, R group R group is a unique side chain *

32. Amino acids 20 amino acids Amino acid chains of fewer than 50 amino acids are peptides Chains greater than 50 amino acids long are polypeptides Unique sequences of amino acids vary widely in structure and function

33. Fibrous and Globular Proteins Fibrous Structural proteins Appear most often in body structures Provide strength in certain body tissues Collagen found in bones, cartilage, and tendons is the most abundant protein in the body Stable

34. Globular proteins Functional proteins (they do things) Less stable than fibrous proteins Mobile Spherical molecules Roles in the body Antibodies Hormones Transport proteins Catalysts

35. Enzymes Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or being changed itself Substrate binds to the active site and is altered *

36. Some have activators or inhibitors which alter the structure of the enzyme Activators allow the enzyme to bind to the substrate Inhibitors prevent the binding of the substrate

37. Capable of catalyzing millions of reactions each minute Without enzymes, reactions would occur far too slowly to sustain life

38. Protein Denaturation High heat and pH fluctuations can interfere with protein structure Protein loses its function

39. Nucleic acids Building blocks for genes Composed of nucleotides Composed of a N- containing base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group

40. Dictate protein structure Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonuleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil

41. DNA Genetic material found within the cell nucleus Replicates itself exactly before a cell divides Provides instructions for building every protein in the body Bases: A, G, T, and C A binds to T and G binds to C Deoxyribose sugar Two chains held together by hydrogen bonds Double helix

42. RNA Carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA Single nucleotide strands Bases: A, G, C, and U (which replaces T) Ribose sugar Varieties Messenger (mRNA) Ribosomal (rRNA) Transfer (tRNA)

43. Adenosine Triphosphate Provides chemical energy that is usable by all body cells Storage compound for energy released by glucose Structure: adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

44. Phosphate group bonds High energy bonds Ruptured by hydrolysis

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