1. Chemistry Chapter 2

2. Atomic Structure ParticlesChargeMass Proton+11 amu Neutronno charge1 amu Electron- 10 amu

3. Chemical Bonds Ionic bonds: electrons are transferred Cation + Anion – Cation + Anion – Covalent bonds: electrons are shared Covalent bonds: electrons are shared Polar (slight charge) Polar (slight charge) Nonpolar (no charge) Nonpolar (no charge) Hydrogen bonds: (weak intramolecular bonds)

4. Chemical Reaction  Synthesis  Decomposition  Single Displacement  Double Displacement  Hydrolysis  Dehydration  A + B  C  C  A + B  AB + C  AC + B  AB + CD  AD + CB  H 2 O + C  A + B  A + B – H 2 O  C

5. Energy Transfer  Endothermic / Endergonic – Absorption of energy  Exothermic / Exergonic – Release of energy

6. Rate of Reaction  Temperature – increase in temperature leads to an increase in kinetic energy (faster moving particles)  Particle Size – increased surface area allows particles to collide more frequently.  Concentration – the more concentrated a solution is, the more likely the particles will collide.  Catalysts – (enzymes) – help by lowering the amount of energy needed for a reaction to proceed. (not used up during the rxn)

7. Acids and Bases  pH scale (0 – 14) (measures the hydrogen ions in a soln)  Acid (sour taste; corrosive)  molecule capable of releasing H +  molecule that absorbs a OH -  Base (bitter taste; slippery)  molecule capable of absorbing H +  molecule that releases a OH -  Titration – balancing acid and base

8. Salts  Formation of a salt  HCl + NaOH –> H 2 O + NaCl  Salt is an ionic compound that contains cations other than H + and anions other than OH -

9. Buffers Buffers  Buffer - a substance that either releases or absorbs H + and helps to prevent a drastic change in pH.  When the buffer runs out the pH will again begin to fall with the addition of more H +.

10. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – simple sugar (single chain or ring) ex: glucose, galactose, fructose Monosaccharides – simple sugar (single chain or ring) ex: glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides – double sugar ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose Disaccharides – double sugar ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides – many sugars ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose, Polysaccharides – many sugars ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose,

11. Lipids  Fats, Oils, Waxes  Higher number of C – H bonds than carbohydrates  Used for Lubrication, Waterproofing, Insulation, Energy Storage  Saturated vs. Unsaturated  Phospholipids, Steroids, Triglycerides

12. Proteins  Composed of 20 different amino acids. (vary by the side chain: R-group)  What makes one protein different from another is the amino acids making it up and the order of the amino acids. Each amino acid has an amine group (-NH 2 ) Each amino acid has an amine group (-NH 2 ) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

13. Protein Formation Peptide bond formation: long chains of amino acids joined by a dehydration reaction Proteins are classified based on function.  Folding of proteins creates different structures: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Proteins can form bonds with themselves or other proteins

14. Protein Classification 2 ways of classifying proteins Structural Protein – fibrous proteins; composed of intertwined chains, resembles a rope, used for support, insoluble (ex: collagen) Functional Proteins – globular proteins; compact and spherical, water soluble, chemically active, mobile (ex: antibodies, enzymes, and protein-based hormones) Functional Proteins – globular proteins; compact and spherical, water soluble, chemically active, mobile (ex: antibodies, enzymes, and protein-based hormones)

15. Protein Denaturation Denaturing – heat or pH effects hydrogen bonds in a globular protein and can permanently change it Denaturation destroys active sites ex: hemoglobin becomes unable to bind and transport oxygen when blood pH is too high ex: hemoglobin becomes unable to bind and transport oxygen when blood pH is too high

16. Molecular Chaperones  Globular proteins that prevent incorrect folding, help move certain ions across cell membranes, break down damaged/denatured proteins, etc.  Ex: stress proteins- produced in response to traumatizing stimuli

17. Enzymes  Globular proteins that act as catalysts  They regulate and accelerate biochemical reactions  Each enzyme is chemically specific specific

18. Nucleic Acids  DNA  Found in the nucleus  Blueprint of life (CGAT)  Inheritable  RNA  3 types  mRNA (messenger)  tRNA (transfer)  rRNA (ribosomal)  Single Stranded  Uracil replaces thymine  ATP  Adenosine triphosphate  energy