1. Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007

2. Sustainable energy development is not about limiting access to energy low cost, plentiful, and clean energy for all Energy is central to sustainable growth Energy can overcome all other limits Environment MineralsWater Food Energy

3. Norway USA France UK Brazil Russia India China $0.38/kWh (primary) Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth EIA Data 2002

4. IPCC Model Simulations of CO 2 Emissions

5. Constant per capita growth Plus Population Growth Closing the Gap 1% energy intensity reduction 1.5% energy intensity reduction 2.0% energy intensity reduction

6. Carbon as a Low-Cost Source of Energy H.H. Rogner, 1997 Lifting Cost Cumulative Gt of Carbon Consumed US1990$ per barrel of oil equivalent Cumulative Carbon Consumption as of1997

7. Refining Carbon Diesel Coal Shale Fossil fuels are fungible Tar Oil Natural Gas Jet Fuel Heat Electricity Ethanol Methanol DME Hydrogen Synthesis Gas

8. The Challenge: Holding the Stock of CO 2 constant Constant emissions at 2010 rate 33% of 2010 rate 10% of 2010 rate 0% of 2010 rate Extension of Historic Growth Rates 450 ppm 280 ppm

9. The Mismatch in Carbon Sources and Sinks 44 33 11 22 55 1800 - 2000 Fossil Carbon Consumption to date 180ppm increase in the air 30% of the Ocean acidified 30% increase in Soil Carbon 50% increase in biomass

10. A Triad of Large Scale Options Solar –Cost reduction and mass-manufacture Nuclear –Cost, waste, safety and security Fossil Energy –Zero emission, carbon storage and interconvertibility Markets will drive efficiency, conservation and alternative energy

11. Small Energy Resources Hydro-electricity –Cheap but limited Biomass –Sun and land limited, severe competition with food Wind –Stopping the air over Colorado every day? Geothermal –Geographically limited Tides, Waves & Ocean Currents –Less than human energy generation

12. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO 2 from distributed emissions Permanent & safe disposal CO 2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal Capture from air

13. Dividing The Fossil Carbon Pie 900 Gt C total 550 ppm Past 10yr

14. Removing the Carbon Constraint 5000 Gt C total Past

15. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO 2 from distributed emissions Permanent & safe disposal CO 2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal Capture from air

16. Storage Life Time 5000 Gt of C 200 years at 4 times current rates of emission Storage Slow Leak (0.04%/yr) 2 Gt/yr for 2500 years Current Emissions: 7Gt/year

17. Underground Injection statoil

18. Gravitational Trapping Subocean Floor Disposal

19. Energy States of Carbon Carbon Carbon Dioxide Carbonate 400 kJ/mole 60...180 kJ/mole The ground state of carbon is a mineral carbonate

20. Rockville Quarry Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + 3CO 2 (g)  3MgCO 3 + 2SiO 2 +2H 2 O(l) +63kJ/mol CO 2

21. Bedrock geology GIS datasets – All U.S.(Surface area) 8733 km 2 920 km 2 166 km 2 Total = 9820 ±100 km 2

22. Belvidere Mountain, Vermont Serpentine Tailings

23. Oman Peridotite

24. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO 2 from distributed emissions Permanent & safe disposal CO 2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal Capture from air

25. Many Different Options Flue gas scrubbing –MEA, chilled ammonia Oxyfuel Combustion –Naturally zero emission Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle –Difficult as zero emission AZEP Cycles –Mixed Oxide Membranes Fuel Cell Cycles –Solid Oxide Membranes

26. CO 2 N 2 H 2 O SO x, NO x and other Pollutants Carbon Air Zero Emission Principle Solid Waste Power Plant

27. Steam Reforming

28. Boudouard Reaction

29. C + O 2  CO 2 no change in mole volume entropy stays constant  G =  H 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O large reduction in mole volume entropy decreases in reactants made up by heat transfer to surroundings  G <  H Carbon makes a better fuel cell

30. P CO2 CO 2 O 2- CO 3 2- O 2- CO 2 Phase I: Solid Oxide Phase II: Molten Carbonate CO 2 Membrane Jennifer Wade High partial pressure of CO 2 Low partial pressure of CO 2

31. CO 2 extraction from air Permanent & safe disposal CO 2 from concentrated sources Net Zero Carbon Economy

32. Relative size of a tank Electrical, mechanical storage Batteries etc. hydrogen gasoline

33. Challenge: CO 2 in air is dilute Energetics limits options –Work done on air must be small compared to heat content of carbon 10,000 J/m 3 of air No heating, no compression, no cooling Low velocity 10m/s (60 J/m 3 ) Solution: Sorbents remove CO 2 from air flow

34. CO 2 1 m 3 of Air 40 moles of gas, 1.16 kg wind speed 6 m/s 0.015 moles of CO 2 produced by 10,000 J of gasoline Volumes are drawn to scale CO 2 Capture from Air

35. Air Capture: Collection & Regeneration Ion exchange resin as sorbent, regeneration with humidity Regeneration CO 2 is recovered with: ○ low-temperature water vapor ○ plus optional low-grade heat Regenerated solid sorbent is reused over and over for years Collection Natural wind carries CO 2 through collector CO 2 binds to surface of proprietary sorbent materials 1 2

36. Collecting CO 2 with Synthetic Trees Current GRT Development Mass-Manufactured Air Capture Units GRT Pre-Prototype Air Capture Modules - 2007 From Technology Validation to Market-Flexible Products to Scalable Global Solutions Courtesy GRT * * K. S. Lackner is a member of GRT

37. Carbon, Water & Energy Balance Life Cycle contributions are small Energy consumption dominates –50kJ of mechanical energy per mole of CO 2 –Gasoline releases 700 kJ of heat per mole CO 2 balance is excellent –Coal plant would release 30% of captured CO 2 Plant consumes saltwater, produces fresh water –10 tons of saltwater consumed per ton of CO 2 –1 ton of fresh water produced per ton of CO 2

38. Comparison to Flue Stack Scrubbing Much larger collector Similar sorbent recovery Cost is in the sorbent recovery

39. Hydrogen or Air Extraction? Coal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil HydrogenGasoline Consumption Distribution CO 2 TransportAir Extraction CO 2 Disposal Cost comparisons

40. Wind area that carries 22 tons of CO 2 per year Wind area that carries 10 kW 0.2 m 2 for CO 2 80 m 2 for Wind Energy How much wind? (6m/sec) 50 cents/ton of CO 2 for contacting

41. Sorbent Choices 350K 300K AirPower plant

42. Energy Source Energy Consumer H2OH2O H2OH2O O2O2 O2O2 H2H2 CO 2 H2H2 CH 2 Materially Closed Energy Cycles

43. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline BenzeneCarbonHydrogen CO 2 H2OH2O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H

44. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline BenzeneCarbonHydrogen CO 2 H2OH2O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H

45. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline BenzeneCarbonHydrogen CO 2 H2OH2O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H

46. Refining Carbon Gasoline Diesel Fossil Nuclear Fischer Tropsch: -- Connecting Sources to Carriers -- Carriers to Consumers Solar Biomass Wind, Hydro Jet Fuel Heat Electricity Ethanol Methanol DME Hydrogen Synthesis Gas Chemicals Geo CO 2

47. Carbon Capture and Storage for Carbon Neutral World CCS simplifies Carbon Accounting –Ultimate cap is zero –Finite amount of carbon left Air Capture –Can turn the clock back –Maintain access to liquid hydrocarbons –Close the carbon cycle

48. Private Sector Carbon Extraction Carbon Sequestration Farming, Manufacturing, Service, etc. Certified Carbon Accounting certificates certification Public Institutions and Government Carbon Board guidance Permits & Credits