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Chapter 6 Biochemistry
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Basic Chemistry Living things are made up of matter & all matter is composed of atoms
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Composition of Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space All organisms are composed of matter
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Composition of Matter Elements are made of atoms Elements bond to make compounds
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Atom An atom is the basic unit of matter. They are composed of subatomic particles – Protons (+) – Neutons (0) – Electrons (-)
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Atoms
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Horizontal rows are called periods. Vertical columns are called groups.
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Hydrogen (element name) Atomic Number (equal to the # of protons or # of electrons) Element Symbol Atomic Mass (equal to the number of protons, neutrons & electrons in a single atom) Hydrogen 1 1.008
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Ions An ions is an atom that has gained or lost electrons. Anions gain electrons – (ex. Cl - ) Cations lose electrons – (ex. Na + )
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Chemical Bonds Force that holds two or more ions or atoms together – Single, double, or triple bonds Bond
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Ionic Bonds Ionic bonds form between ions (ex. salt NaCl) – Metal + Nonmetal Sodium Chloride – NaCl – Table Salt
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Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds form between two nonmetals. (ex. Water H 2 O – Nonmetal + Nonmetal – Forms when electrons are shared
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van der Waals Forces Attractive forces between oppositely charged regions of molecules.
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Geckos Climbing Glass Surface: Attributed to Van der Waal forces Between surface and microscopic projections on their feet!
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Molecules of Life
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You Are What You Eat
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“You Are What You Eat” Nutrition Facts label – a summary of our basic biochemistry – Why do we need to eat these?
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Organic Molecules Contain carbon Molecules join to form Macromolecules: large molecules Held together with covalent bonds
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Macromolecules are Polymers Polymers are molecules held together by covalent bonds Made of monomers
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Four classes of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates Provide energy to cells Subunit = glucose Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
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Types of Carbohydrates 1. Simple carbohydrates mono- & di-saccharides 2. Complex carbohydrates Starch, glycogen, and cellulose Known as polysaccharides
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Simple Carbohydrates Easy to digest Monosaccharide Examples: – Glucose: simple sugar – Fructose: fruit sugar – Lactose: milk sugar
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Glucose Fructose (isomer of glucose) Galactose (isomer of glucose) Ribose Deoxyribose Monosaccharide’s:
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Isomers: Same chemical formula but different arrangement of elements: Glucose Galactose
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Disaccharides: Sucrose - Table sugar Lactose - Milk sugar Maltose - Malt sugar
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Making Disaccharides: Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose maltose = glucose + glucose
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How to build a disaccharide: Done through a process called dehydration synthesis A.k.a. Dehydration reaction Water (H 2 O) is lost http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
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How to break down a disaccharide: You break down a disaccharide or a polysaccharide by Hydrolysis Water (H2O) is added! Disaccharides must be broken down or digested before entering the cell.
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Complex Carbohydrates Longer to digest Long chains of monosaccharides so they are polysaccharides
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Complex Carbohydrates (cont.) Starch Glycogen: energy storage Cellulose: plant structure
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Starch: Long repeating chains of monosaccharides. It is called cellulosewhen found in plant tissue (roots and grain) It is called glycogen when found in animal tissues (muscles and liver)
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Glycogen: Used for energy storage so when the body needs energy between meals or during physical activity it is broken down into glucose.
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Cellulose: Provides structural support in plant cell walls. Becomes fiber when we eat plants; helps regulate us!
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Discussion Questions: 1. Why should we limit some simple sugars? 2. Why do athletes eat complex carbohydrates before a long run / game?
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Proteins Subunits = amino acids Amino acids are made up of C, H, N, O, and sometimes sulfur. There are 20 amino acids!
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Proteins
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Several covalent bonds called peptide bonds join amino acids together to form proteins. Proteins a.k.a. polypeptides Through what process? How do you build a polymer? Proteins
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Proteins differ in: – #, type & the arrangement of amino acids Proteins
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Make up 15% of your total body mass Affected by the order of the amino acid chain. Typically made up of 100 + amino acids. Protein Function:
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Chains combine to form proteins or polypeptides! Protein Function:
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What do proteins do? 1. Enzymes: speed up or Increase rate of chemical reactions / lowers activation energy Ex. Amylase converts starch to simple sugar
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Rates of Chemical Reaction Energy is needed to start reaction: Activation Energy
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Reactants Products
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What affects enzyme function? pH Temperature
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What do proteins do? (cont.) 2. Transport: substances inside the cell and between cells Ex. Hemoglobin (red blood cell protein- carries Oxygen)
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3. Defense: Antibodies which are used to defend the body from foreign invaders. What do proteins do? (cont.)
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4. Structure: Collagen, Ligaments, Tendons are made up of proteins. What do proteins do? (cont.)
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5. Regulation: can be Hormones Ex. Insulin which regulates glucose levels in the body! What do proteins do? (cont.)
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6. Motion: muscle protein which allows you to move!
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Lipids Subunit = Fatty Acids Insoluble in water but soluble in oil Important for homeostasis
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Function of Lipids 1.Energy storage (Fat) 2.Regulate body functions Steroids: Cholesterol, Hormones (testosterone & estrogen)
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Function of Lipids (cont.) 3. Provide structure: in cells & waxy coating on plants
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Saturated Fats Called triglyceride Hard & solid at room temp Ex. Meat, Dairy, Butter, Chocolate, Animal Fats
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Unsaturated Fats “Kinked” carbon chain Liquids at room temp Ex. Peanuts, Fish, Olive Oil
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Saturated v.s. Unsaturated
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Trans Fats Worst type of fat Increases risk of heart problems
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Discussion Questions Which type of fats should we eat less of? – Saturated & trans fats: linked to heart disease
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Discussion Questions How many calories must you burn to lose 1 lb of fat? – 3,500 calories!!!
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Nucleic Acids Subunit = Nucleotide Two types DNA & RNA
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DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Store genetic information Double helix
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RNA Ribonucleic Acid Helps synthesize (create) proteins
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