1. Anatomical Position & Directional Terms

2. Anatomic Position Body erect Arms to side Palms forward
Head & neck forward

3. Directional Terms #1 Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal Medial/Lateral
Internal/External
Proximal/Distal
Superior/Inferior
Cranial/Caudal
Directional Terms
Anterior/Ventral: in front
Posterior/Dorsal: in back
Medial: toward the midline
Lateral: toward the side
Internal: within body
External: outside the body
Proximal: closest to the point of origin
Distal: farther from the point of origin
Superior: upper or above
Inferior: lower
Cranial: towards the head
Caudal: towards the tailbone

4. Directional Terms
Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

5. Directional Terms
Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body
Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
Cranial and caudal – toward the head and toward the tail

6. Directional Terms
Anterior view

7. Directional Terms
Posterior View

8. Directional Terms
Side view or Lateral view

9. Directional Terms #2 Flexion/Extension Afferent/Efferent
Adduction/Abduction
Eversion/Inversion
Pronation/Supination
Deep/Superficial
Plantar/Palmar
Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension: increasing the angle between two bones
Afferent: carrying toward a center
Efferent: carrying away or away from a center
Adduction: moving toward the midline
Abduction: moving away from the midline
Eversion: turning a body part outward
Inversion: turning a body part inward
Pronation: turning a body part downward
Supination: turning a body part upward ( as in shrug shoulders, palms up, “what’s up?”)
Deep: away from the body surface, more internal
Superficial: toward or at the body surface
Plantar: toward the sole of the foot
Palmar: toward the palm of the hand

10. Directional Terms

11. Body Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

12. Body Planes
Figure 1.8

13. Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions
Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

14. Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a

15. Body Cavities
Figure 1.9b

16. Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

17. Body Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

18. Body Regions
Head
Neck
Thorax
Abdominal
Posterior Trunk
Extremities

19. Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital – house the eyes
Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities

20. Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a

21. Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b

22. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper (RUQ)
Left upper (LUQ)
Right lower (RLQ)
Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12

23. Head Regions #1 Parietal Frontal Occipital Temporal Auricular Buccal
Orbital
Head
Parietal: top of head towards the back and sides
Frontal: forehead
Occipital: base of skull
Temporal: sides of head
Auricular: ear
Buccal: cheek
Orbital: eye socket
Mastoid: behind the ear
Nasal: bridge of nose
Mental: chin
Submental: beneath the chin
Maxillary: upper jaw
Mandibular: lower jaw
Zygomatic: cheek bone

24. Head Regions #2 Mastoid Nasal Mental Submental Maxillary Mandibular
Zygomatic

25. Larynx Trachea Cervical Neck Regions Neck Larynx: front of neck
Trachea: front of neck
Cervical: back of neck

26. Thorax Axillary Clavicular Sternal Mammary Costal Scapular Pectoral
Deltoid
Thorax
Axillary: armpit
Clavicular: collar bone
Sternal: mid-chest
Mammary: breast
Costal: rib
Scapular: shoulder blade
Pectoral: chest
Deltoid: shoulder area

27. Posterior Trunk Regions
Nuchal
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
Gluteal
Posterior Trunk
Nuchal: back of neck
Cervical: neck
Thoracic: back of trunk
Lumbar: at small of back, lower back, waist area, lateral mid-abdomen, right and left
Sacral: pelvis, tailbone area
Coccyx: tailbone
Gluteal: buttocks

28. Extremities #1 Brachial Antecubital Olecranon Carpal Phalanges Manual
Pollex
Extremities
Brachial: upper arm
Antecubital: front of elbow
Olecranon: back of elbow
Carpal: wrist
Phalanges: fingers, toes
Manual: hand
Pollex: thumb
Femoral: thigh
Patellar: front of knee
Popliteal: behind the knee
Tarsal: ankle
Pedal: foot
Calcaneal: heel of foot

29. Extremities #2
Femoral
Patellar
Popliteal
Tarsal
Pedal
Calcaneal