1. Toward Revolution and Independence

2.  Introduction  European Rivalry  Background  French/Indian War  Tension and Revolution  Settlement line and debt  Tension to fighting  War and Independence  Declaring Independence  Opposing sides and strategies  Key battles  Conclusion  Key Terms  Proclamation Line  Stamp Act  Townshend Duties  Continental Congress  Lexington and Concord  Common Sense  Yorktown

3. Themes  Background to the French and Indian War  Acts passed by Parliament and colonial response  Important events and battles of the American Revolution

4.  Introduction  European Rivalry  Background  French/Indian War  Tension and Revolution  Settlement line and debt  Tension to fighting  War and Independence  Declaring Independence  Opposing sides and strategies  Key battles  Conclusion  Key Terms  Proclamation Line  Stamp Act  Townshend Duties  Continental Congress  Lexington and Concord  Common Sense  Yorktown

5. Bellwork  Compare and contrast British and French land holdings in America

6. Distribution of Non-Indian Nationalities within the British Colonies 1700-1755

7. Selected Population of North American  1700  French 15,000  English 250,000  1750  French 60,000  English 1,170,000

8. Colonial Wars – Britain vs. France  King Williams War 1689-1697  Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713  King George’s war 1744-1748  Seven Years War (French and Indian War) 1754-1763

9. French and Indian War (1754-1763)  French and Indian allies vs.  British, Colonists and Indian allies  July 3, 1754: First battle occurred in the Ohio Valley  Fort Duquesne (doo-keyn)  Officer George Washington tried to capture the fort but was forced to surrender

10. Albany Congress  June 19-July 10, 1754  Delegates from each colony and Iroquois Chiefs  Developed Plan of Union

11. Albany Congress  June 19-July 10, 1754  Delegates from each colony and Iroquois Chiefs  Developed Plan of Union  Plan of Union  Outlined by Ben Franklin  President General - Chief Executive to head all colonies  Grand Council - Supreme assembly oversee defense, N.A. relations, trade and settlement  Rejected or ignored by all colonies

12. Check Up! APPARTSAPPARTS

13. French and Indian War (1754-1763)  Early Conflict  General Braddock and Washington attack Fort Duquesne  Overwhelming defeat

14. French and Indian War (1754-1763)  End Game  William Pitt – Prime Minister  Plans three pronged attack  1 – Capture Niagara River  2 - Lake Champlain  3 - St. Lawrence River at Quebec

15. French and Indian War (1754-1763)  Why the British Won  The French were outnumbered in North America  The Iroquois sided with the British  Native Americans and Colonists used Guerilla Tactics

16. French and Indian War (Results)  Treaty of Paris  Ended War  France lost its overseas empire  Spain gained Louisiana in exchange for Florida  Britain became the dominant power in North America

17. Consequences  Pontiac’s Rebellion  N.A. attacked newly gained Br. Forts and outposts  “French never conquered us, neither did they purchase a foot of our country, nor have they a right to give it to you.”  - Pontiac  Proclamation Line of 1763  Prohibited colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

18. Consequences  Proclamation Line of 1763  Prohibited colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains  Debt:  Britain accumulated a huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War

19. Consequences  Proclamation Line of 1763  Prohibited colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains  Debt:  Britain accumulated a huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War  Colonial Unity

20. CauseConsequenceThe Events French and Indian War

21. 1. Proclamation Line of 1763 2. England is in debt from war 3. Colonists join militias and fight for the English in large numbers 4. Br. capture Quebec 5. French Colonize the Americas 6. Colonists develop a sense of unity 7. Br. capture Lake Champlain 8. Native American take up arms for the English or French 9. Treaty of Paris: English and Spanish split French lands 10. English and French both claim the Ohio River Valley 11. Br. capture Niagara River 12. Iroquois side with the English 13. English Colonize the Americas 14. English attack Fort Duquesne Check Up!

22.  3x5 Exit Pass  Write a paragraph (4-5 sentences) summarizing the cause and consequences of the French and Indian War.

23.  Introduction  European Rivalry  Background  French/Indian War  Tension and Revolution  Settlement line and debt  Tension to fighting  War and Independence  Declaring Independence  Opposing sides and strategies  Key battles  Conclusion  Key Terms  Proclamation Line  Stamp Act  Townshend Duties  Continental Congress  Lexington and Concord  Common Sense  Yorktown

24. English and American Tensions  Proclamation Line of 1763  Prohibited colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains  Debt:  Britain accumulated a huge amount of national debt as a result of the French and Indian War

25.  Sugar Act  1764  Tax on molasses and sugar  Pay for defense

26. Stamp Act  1765  Pay for colonial defense  Legal documents, newspapers, wills, pamphlets, contracts had to be printed with the stamped seal of the government

28. Stamp Act: Reaction Legal  Stamp Act Congress (October 1765): Delegates from nine colonies met in NY  Delegates agreed Parliament had no right to issue taxes such as the Stamp Act

29. Stamp Act: Reaction Legal  Colonists: This was a direct tax, which undermined local assemblies  No taxation without representation.

30. Stamp Act: Reaction Illegal  Boston  destroyed the stamp paper  Attacked and threatened stamp distributers  Samuel Adams led Boston’s Sons of Liberty

31. “Benjamin Franklin Testifies Against the Stamp Act (1766)  Q. Do the Americans pay any considerable taxes among themselves?  A. Certainly many, and very heavy taxes.  Q. For what purposes are those taxes laid?  A. For the support of the civil and military establishments of the country, and to discharge the heavy debt contracted in the last [Seven Years'] war....  Q. Are not the colonies, from their circumstances, very able to pay the stamp duty?  A. In my opinion there is not gold and silver enough in the colonies to pay the stamp duty for one year.  Q. Do you think it right that America should be protected by this country and pay no part of the expense?  A. That is not the case. The colonies raised, clothed, and paid, during the last war, near 25,000 men, and spent many millions.  Q. Do not you think the people of America would submit to pay the stamp duty, if it was moderated?  A. No, never, unless compelled by force of arms....  “Benjamin Franklin Testifies Against the Stamp Act (1766)

32. Stamp Act: Repeal  Merchants threatened to boycott Br. goods  Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, yet declared it had the right to legislate colonies in any manner  This became known as the Declaratory Act

33. Townshend Duties  1767  Goal: Generate revenue to pay salaries of colonial Governors  Governors salaries had historically been paid by the state legislatures  Taxed glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea imported from England

34. Townshend Duties: Repeal  Boycotts resumed  Smuggling became widespread  4,000 British troops were sent to Boston to restore law and order  Taxes were ended save the tax on tea

35. Check Up!  How did the colonist organize and respond to taxation?  How effective were their reactions?

36. Bellwork: Complete the following chart CauseTaxesConsequences

37. Boston Massacre  March 5, 1770 a clash resulted in the Boston Massacre  Result: 11 colonists wounded; five dead

38. Boston Massacre - Accounts Paul Revere’s Bloody Massacre

39. Boston Massacre Accounts Essex Gazette (March 6, 1770) Thomas Gage, commander in chief of all British North American Soldiers  “Thirty of forty persons…gathered in King- Street, Capt. Preston, with a party of men with charged bayonets, came from the main guard to the commissioners house, the soldiers pushing their bayonets, crying, Make Way! They took place by the custom-house….The colonists…threw snow balls. On this, the captain commanded them to fire, and more snow balls coming, he again said, damn you, fire, be the consequences what it will! One soldier fired…(and) the soldiers continued the fire…till 7 or 8, or as some say 11 guns were discharged.”  The mob proceeded…upon the Custom House…and attacked (the guard)….Captain Preston…hearing the (guard) was in danger of being murdered, he detached a sergeant and twelve men to relieve him…This party… was immediately attacked, come (colonists) throwing bricks, stones, pieces of ice and snow-balls at them, whilst others advanced up to their bayonets, and endeavored to close with them, to use their bludgeons and clubs; calling out to (the soldiers) to fire if they dared.  …(O)ne of the soldiers, receiving a violent blow, instantly fired…and the mob…attacked with greater violence…. The soldiers at length perceiving their lives in danger and hearing the word fire all round them, three or four of them fired on after another, and again three more in the same hurry and confusion.”

40. Boston Massacre – Immediate Results  Colonists killed – Martyrs  British Soldiers – Tyrants  Soldiers were tried in court  John Adams defended the soldiers

41. Boston Massacre – Lasting Results  Committees of Correspondence were formed  Information was exchanged and opposition to British policies was coordinated between colonies  All colonies participated by 1774 except Pennsylvania

42. Boston Tea Party  Parliament passed the Tea Act (1773)  Tax on tea  Gave East India Tea Company a monopoly on selling tea to the colonies  Son’s of Liberty responded with Boston Tea Party

43. Salutary Neglect  Salutary Neglect Historically  Gr. Britain ignored colonies  Pay little for colonial protection and government  Applied mercantilism through Navigation Acts  Regulated trade

44. Salutary Neglect  "That I know that the colonies in general owe little or nothing to any care of ours, and that they are not squeezed into this happy form by the constraints of watchful and suspicious government, but that, through a wise and salutary neglect, a generous nature has been suffered to take her own way to perfection”  Edmund Burke's "Speech for the Conciliation with the Colonies" given in the House of Commons March 22, 1775

45. Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts  Boston Port Act  Closed Boston harbor until city paid for the tea  Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice  Trials could be transferred to England for any Br. official.  Quartering Act  Locals provide for lodging of Br. soldiers  Massachusetts Government Act  Colonial council and law enforcers were appointed not elected  General Thomas Gage made gov.

46. Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts - Response  “The crisis is arrived when we must assert our rights…(British tyranny) shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway.”  George Washington 1774

47. First Continental Congress (1774)  Colonial Response: First Continental Congress (1774)  Suffolk Resolve – Declared the Coercive Acts null and void  Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances  Continental Association – organized boycott of British goods  Some began to store weapons for a possible conflict

48. Check Up!  The First Continental Congress States Colonial Rights and Grievances (1774) 1. Create a list of specific rights the Congress is demanding 2. Create a list of specific violations to those rights

49. RightsGrievances

50.  Introduction  European Rivalry  Background  French/Indian War  Tension and Revolution  Settlement line and debt  Tension to fighting  War and Independence  Declaring Independence  Opposing sides and strategies  Key battles  Conclusion  Key Terms  Proclamation Line  Stamp Act  Townshend Duties  Continental Congress  Lexington and Concord  Common Sense  Yorktown

51. The War Begins: Lexington and Concord  April 14, 1775  Goal: Seize colonial military supplies  Paul Revere and William Dawes warned of an attack

52. The War Begins: Lexington and Concord  April 14, 1775  Goal: Seize colonial military supplies  Paul Revere and William Dawes warned of an attack  Lexington: Eight Minutemen died  Concord: about 300 British casualties

53. Rebellion  May 1775  British seized and controlled Boston  Colonists surrounded the city and laid siege  Bunker Hill

54.  Loyalists (Tories)  People who wished to remain loyal to Great Britain.  Patriots (Whigs)  People who wished to revolt against Great Britain.

55. Doc A: Bostonians Paying the Excise man 1.What is occurring in the foreground of this illustration? 2.What is occurring in the background? 3.Who is the bad guy? 4.Who is the good guy? 5.Which point of view (loyalist or patriot) do you believe this was from?

56.  Introduction  European Rivalry  Background  French/Indian War  Tension and Revolution  Settlement line and debt  Tension to fighting  War and Independence  Declaring Independence  Opposing sides and strategies  Key battles  Conclusion  Key Terms  Proclamation Line  Stamp Act  Townshend Duties  Continental Congress  Lexington and Concord  Common Sense  Yorktown

57. Thomas Paine: Common Sense  Common Sense  Jan. 10, 1776  150,000 copies  All monarchies are corrupt and evil  Americans should establish a republic

58. Second Continental Congress  May 10, 1775 – Second Continental Congress  Made Massachusetts militia of the Continental Army  Appointed G. Washington commander

59. Second Continental Congress  May 10, 1775 – Second Continental Congress  Made Massachusetts militia of the Continental Army  Appointed G. Washington commander  July 1775  Olive Branch Petition  Swore allegiance to the king.  End of hostiles  Asserted rights of colonists  Declaration of the Cause and Necessity to Taking up Arms

60. Declaration of the Cause and Necessity to Taking up Arms  “They [Parliament] have undertaken to give and grant our money without our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive right to dispose of our own property; statutes have been passed for extending the jurisdiction of courts of Admiralty and Vice-Admiralty beyond their ancient limits; for depriving us of the accustomed and inestimable privilege of trial by jury, in cases affecting both life and property; for suspending the legislature of one of the colonies; for interdicting all commerce to the capital of another; and for altering fundamentally the form of government established by charter, and secured by acts of its own legislature solemnly confirmed by the crown; for exempting the "murderers" of colonists from legal trial....” Second Continental Congress,   Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 6,1775.

61. Declaring Independence  Congress considered a proposal calling for independence  Thomas Jefferson was the primary author (aided by Franklin and John Adams).  July 4, 1776 Congress approved the Declaration

62. Declaring Independence  Declaration has four parts  Preamble: Explains why the Declaration was made.  Declaration of Natural Rights: States the basic rights of people (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) and the role of government in protecting those rights.  List of Grievances: List the colonists’ complaints against the British government  Resolution of Independence: Declares that the states are free.

63. Check Up!  Read the Declaration of Independence and complete an APPARTS analysis of the document.  A  P  A  R  T  S

64. Check Up!  Prompt: Based on the criteria established in the Declaration of Independence, evaluate the justification of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.

65. Assertion (Thesis): The Pat. cause was justified during the Am. Rev… Reason 1 b/c Life (Has to be permanent) Evidence 1 -French and Indian War -Boston Massacre -Lexington and Concord Inference 1 -Col. Lost lives needlessly and gained nothing\ -Br. Soldier overreacted -Br. Fired first Reason 2 B/c Liberty (Has to be permanent) Evidence 2 - Sugar Act - Stamp Act -Townshend Duties -Tea Act Inference 2 -$ is not being spent for col. -No choice (taxation w/o representation) -Colonial assemblies Reason 3 b/c happiness (Has to be permanent) Evidence 3 -Salutary Neglect -Proclamation line of 1763 -mercantilism -Sons/Daughters of Liberty -Boston Tea Party -Coercive/Intolerable Acts Inference 3 -Self rule/ take away -Can’t expand/fought for nothing - Merc. Forced commerce/trade -Closed port/restricted trade Conclusion: Pat cause just. Bc life, lib happiness violated

66. Assertion (Thesis): The Pat. cause was justified during the Am. Rev… Reason 1 Life was denied (permanent not light or transient) Evidence 1 French and Indian Boston Massacre Lexington and Concord Inference 1 -F. and I. war colonist lost lives gained nothing -Br. Soldier overreacted by shooting into crowd -Br. Soldier shot first Reason 2 Lib.(freedom) Denied (permanent not light or transient) Evidence 2 -Sugar Act -Stamp Act -Townshend Duties -Tea Act -Intolerable Acts(Boston port act, quartering act, gov. act) Inference 2 - Taxes took away some rights, (Tea Act, In. Acts) but more importantly it took away their rights to self government (mayflower compact, Colonial assemblies) Reason 3 Pursuit Happiness denied (permanent not light or transient) Evidence 3 -French and Indian war -Proclamation Line of 1763 - Inference 3 - War of force not choice - Proc. Line denied access to land and opp.

67.  Introduction  European Rivalry  Background  French/Indian War  Tension and Revolution  Settlement line and debt  Tension to fighting  War and Independence  Declaring Independence  Opposing sides and strategies  Key battles  Conclusion  Key Terms  Proclamation Line  Stamp Act  Townshend Duties  Continental Congress  Lexington and Concord  Common Sense  Yorktown

68. The British  British outnumbered the colonists by 3 to 1  Strong navy and professional army  Loyalists: Colonists opposed to independence  30% of pop  Strongest in New York and New Jersey

69. The Americans  Strong Leaders: Washington, Franklin, Adams  Motivation  Home field Advantage  Help from other nations  Defensive War

70. Strategies Americans  Fabian Strategy – war of attrition and guerilla tactics  Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. British  Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.  Blockade the ports  “Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

71.  Introduction  European Rivalry  Background  French/Indian War  Tension and Revolution  Settlement line and debt  Tension to fighting  War and Independence  Declaring Independence  Opposing sides and strategies  Key battles  Conclusion  Key Terms  Proclamation Line  Stamp Act  Townshend Duties  Continental Congress  Lexington and Concord  Common Sense  Yorktown

72. Bellwork  What do the colonies need to do to win independence: defeat the British army or simply not lose?

73. The Revolution - Governance  National  Articles of Confederation  November 15, 1777  First Constitution of the United States  Legitimized Continental Congress  States  Each of the 13 colonies had their royal governments over thrown by patriots  Colonial assemblies were legitimatized through new Constitutions  Colonies are now states

74. The Revolution - Governance  Mobilizing for War  General George Washington  Trained soldiers  Managed military unity  Assisted by Marquis de Lafayette George Washington at Valley Forge

75. Lafayette and Washington

76. The Revolution - Governance  Mobilizing for War  General George Washington  Assisted by Marquis de Lafayette  Trained soldiers  Managed military unity  Financing the War George Washington at Valley Forge

77. The Revolution – Financing the War  Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.  Trade plummeted

78. The Revolution – Financing the War  Securing Aid from Abroad  Militia Diplomats  Ben Franklin  John Adams  Pivotal French Aid Benjamin Franklin (Portrait Gallery)

79. The Revolution – Early War  Americans lost early battles  Lost Boston 1775  Lost New York 1776  Lost Philadelphia Sep. 1777

80. The Revolution – Early War  Americans lost early battles  Lost Boston 1775  Lost New York 1776  Lost Philadelphia Sep. 1777  Washington led two significant victories against Hessian mercenaries  Trenton (12/26/1776)  Princeton (1/3/1777)

81. The Revolution – Turning Point  Americans lost early battles  Lost Boston 1775  Lost New York 1776  Lost Philadelphia Sep. 1777  Washington led two significant victories against Hessian mercenaries  Trenton (12/26/1776)  Princeton (1/3/1777)  Saratoga October 1777  Americans won a major victory at Saratoga  Convinced the French to come to the aid the Americans

82. The Revolution  The Final Phase: The South  The British invade the south  Motivated by the finical strength of the southern plantation economy  Unable to subdue southern rebels

83. The Revolution  Yorktown - October 19, 1781  British General Cornwallis was trapped between Washington’s forces and French navy  Victory led to peace negotiations

84. The Revolution The Revolution in the South, 1778-1781

85. The Revolution  Winning the Peace  Treaty of Paris  Signed September 3, 1783  Granted United States independence (Atlantic to Mississippi R.) A map presented to Benjamin Franklin by the Royal Cartographer of France, showing the 1783 Treaty boundaries (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

86. Storyboard  Continental Congress  George Washington and the Fabian Strategy  Benjamin Franklin and John Adams  LaFayette and French Aid  Saratoga  Yorktown  Treaty of Paris

87.  Introduction  European Rivalry  Background  French/Indian War  Tension and Revolution  Settlement line and debt  Tension to fighting  War and Independence  Declaring Independence  Opposing sides and strategies  Key battles  Conclusion  Key Terms  Proclamation Line  Stamp Act  Townshend Duties  Continental Congress  Lexington and Concord  Common Sense  Yorktown

88. Review  Following the French and Indian War there was strain on the British gov. to pay debt  This led to taxation on the American colonists  Tensions grew until the revolution began. French aid was a significant contribution to victory

89. Sites  Boston Massacre Website Boston Massacre Website  Thomas Paine Website Thomas Paine Website  Declaration of Independence Website Declaration of Independence Website  American Revolution (PBS) American Revolution (PBS)  American Revolution American Revolution  American Revolution American Revolution

90. Sources  http://college.cengage.com /history/lecturepoints/part 01_lecture06/part01_lect ure06.html http://college.cengage.com /history/lecturepoints/part 01_lecture06/part01_lect ure06.html  http://glencoe.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0076621367/ instructor_view0/powerp oint_presentations.html