1. Baroque Music 1600 -17501 Time periods in context Renaissance 1450 -1600 Baroque period 1600-1750 Classical period 1760 – 1810 Romantic period1810 -1910 “20 th Century”music up to the present day

2. Baroque Music 1600 -17502 Renaissance 1450 -1600 Studied at Higher level When Music gradually evolved from Modal to modern tonality

3. Baroque Music 1600 -17503 Baroque period 1600-1750 Birth of Opera Orchestral music Invention of violin and modern string family Counterpoint (Polyphony) The Harpsichord is King Birth of Concerto Composers: Bach Handel Vivaldi

4. Baroque Music 1600 -17504 Instrumental Music The timbre of Baroque music depends on the ensemble of instruments being played texture of the music: the way the melody and harmony are combined

5. Baroque Music 1600 -17505 Instrumental Music Many Baroque pieces polyphonic several lines of music or melodies playing together at the same time. Creates complicated sound. Most polyphonic music starts simply: One melody or theme is heard as it carries on, another instrument (or part) copies it slightly later This copying is called imitation.

6. Baroque Music 1600 -17506 Instrumental Music Rounds - simplest form of imitation, sung Exact imitation. (like Freres Jacques) Instrumental version is called a canon imitation might not be exact: the imitation might occur at an interval of a 5th above for example. The complex form of canon is called a fugue studied at Higher level.

7. Baroque Music 1600 -17507 Pachelbel’s canon In this music you will hear several of the concepts outlined above Imitation Strings Canon Harpsichord Polyphony

8. Baroque Music 1600 -17508 Pachelbel’s canon ground bass - a repeating bass line upon which the music is based (extended ostinato), popular during the baroque period The opening theme is also used for the variations decorated with twiddly bits, The twiddly bits such as trills are kinds of grace notes, (ornaments).

9. Baroque Music 1600 -17509 Instrumental Music Homophony melody and a simple chordal accompaniment or parts move in rhythmic unison for most of the time the adjective is homophonic. anacrusis Passing notes Cadence

10. Baroque Music 1600 -175010 Baroque Orchestra Mostly consists strings, (violin, viola, cello, double bass) Strings can be played in a variety of ways Bowed (ARCO) Plucked (PIZZICATO) DOUBLE STOPPING –playing two strings at once. TREMOLANDO – playing lots of very short notes instead of the long ones in a melody VIBRATO – the player rocks the finger on the string while it is being bowed creating a wavering and warmer tone

11. Baroque Music 1600 -175011 Baroque Orchestra To this basic orchestra of strings, woodwind might be added: flutes oboes bassoons

12. Baroque Music 1600 -175012 Baroque Orchestra Sometimes brass instruments – French horns and trumpets were added

13. Baroque Music 1600 -175013 Baroque Orchestra Rarely, percussion might be added effect, e.g. military drums In most baroque music: Harpsichord keyboard instrument thin sound like a harp. piano not invented yet Harmonious Blacksmith Piece for solo harpsichord Theme and variations

14. Baroque Music 1600 -175014 Baroque Instruments A lot of music was also written for the church organ Bach: Toccatta and Fugue in D Minor

15. Baroque Music 1600 -175015 Baroque instruments Recorders were often played in small groups but were rarely involved in orchestral music. Flutes were considered more suitable.

16. Baroque Music 1600 -175016 Handel “ Music for the Royal Fireworks ” Originally written for wind instruments onlyOriginally written for wind instruments only Suites – collection of short piecesSuites – collection of short pieces Menuetto (minuet)Menuetto (minuet)

17. Baroque Music 1600 -175017 Handel “ Music for the Royal Fireworks ”

18. Baroque Music 1600 -175018 ConcertoConcerto Solo instrument (or small group of solo instruments) Accompanied by Orchestra Dates from the baroque period Common musical form ever since

19. Baroque Music 1600 -175019 Famous Baroque Concerti Vivaldi: The Four seasons Set of four violin concerti Programme music describes scenes from each season Each concerto consists of 3 Movements – (separate pieces of music)

20. Baroque Music 1600 -175020 Famous Baroque Concerti Vivaldi: The Four seasons Spring:1 st movement - Allegro

21. Baroque Music 1600 -175021 Famous Baroque Concerti Vivaldi: The Four seasons Spring : 2 nd Movement - Largo

22. Baroque Music 1600 -175022 Famous Baroque Concerti Bach: Brandenburg Concerto no 2 Concertino group Trumpet Oboe Violin Flute (Concerto Grosso)

23. Baroque Music 1600 -175023 Famous Baroque Concerti Bach: Brandenburg Concerto no 2

24. Baroque Music 1600 -175024 OPERAOPERA Music Drama set on stage Singers play different main roles Chorus play part of crowds, etc

25. Baroque Music 1600 -175025 Types of voice (Register ) SOPRANOSOPRANO Highest Female Voice Highest Female Voice ALTOALTO Lower Female voice Lower Female voice MEZZO SOPRANO - is what solo alto is usually called in later Operas MEZZO SOPRANO - is what solo alto is usually called in later Operas COUNTER TENOR Male, same register - COUNTER TENOR Male, same register - TENORTENOR Higher Male voice Higher Male voice BARITONE Between Tenor and Bass BARITONE Between Tenor and Bass BASSBASS Lowest Male voice

26. Baroque Music 1600 -175026 Types of Singing RECITATIVE A Narrator describing a scene or moving story along NOT “song-like” Wordy, lots of lyrics ARIA A Song Lots of repetition and sequence MELISMA CHORUS an aria for the chorus

27. Baroque Music 1600 -175027 Types of Opera OPERA ORATORIO CANTATA PASSION

28. Baroque Music 1600 -175028 Types of Opera OPERA Music Drama set on stage Singers play different main roles Chorus play part of crowds etc ORATORIO Story from the bible (e.g. “Christmas” or “Ruth”) Originally staged but now just sung CANTATA Mini Oratorio PASSION Oratorio based on story of suffering on the cross

29. Baroque Music 1600 -175029 ORATORIOORATORIO Story from the bible like:Story from the bible like: “Ruth”, “Christmas” or “Jeptha” Originally staged but now just sungOriginally staged but now just sung CANTATA is a Mini OratorioCANTATA is a Mini Oratorio PASSIONPASSION Oratorio based on story of suffering on the crossOratorio based on story of suffering on the cross

30. Baroque Music 1600 -175030 PassionPassion Story of events leading up to crucifiction Best known ones by Bach – eg St Matthew Sung in German Include SATB Chorales A cappella homophonic anacrusis Passing notes Cadence suspension

31. Baroque Music 1600 -175031 Other Baroque concepts Tierce da picardie: Perfect cadence in a minor key where the tonic chord (Chord 1) is unexpectedly changed to the major Obligato A slow tune ( often a solo sung chorale) decorated by a solo instrument, particularly at the end of phrases