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A Transformed Nation: The West and the New South, 1865–1890

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1 A Transformed Nation: The West and the New South, 1865–1890
Chapter 18 A Transformed Nation: The West and the New South, 1865–1890

2 Homestead Act Homestead Act Railroads Mining and ranching frontiers
160 acres Live on for five years and improve land Railroads Five transcontinental lines between 1869 and 1893 Government subsidized, but were also required to obtain their own financing 12,000 Chinese laborers built the Central Pacific Railroad Transcontinental Railroad completed at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869 Mining and ranching frontiers Silver eclipsed gold in 1870s; copper also important

3 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Railroad Expansion, 1870–1890

4 Ranching Heyday of cattle driving in 1880s
Railroads helped shorten routes Realities of frontier very different from popular images Chisholm Trail Decline in open range led to rise in industrial ranching Vaqueros Mexican Americans Californios Trejanos Itinerant workers Henry George Miller and Lux

5 Homesteading and Farming
Great American Desert Sod houses Homestead act allowed women to make claims Most sold land rather than “prove up” Mining towns 93% male Prostitution Chinese sexual slavery

6 Conflict and Resistance
Westward expansion had encroached on Indian territory Concentrated Indian population onto tiny reservations 1.5 million acres Civilized tribes punished after war for siding with Confederacy Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles

7 Conflict with the Sioux
Origins in wartime disagreements and violent clashes Pushed Minnesota to Dakota Territory Exacerbated after discovery of gold in the Black Hills in the mid-1870s Battle of Little Big Horn, June 1876 Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse George Custer Wounded Knee, 1890 Ghost Dance 25 soldiers and 150 Sioux dead

8 Suppression of Other Plains Peoples
Sand Creek massacre against Cheyenne, 1864 Black Kettle 200 Cheyenne massacred Set pattern for similar attacks on Indian villages in subsequent years Systematic destruction of buffalo herds Most extreme example of environmental degradation caused by westward expansion Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé

9 The “Peace Policy” Balanced iron fist of repression with velvet hand of reform Restructured Indian society along white lines Board of Indian Commissioners, 1871 Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 Ghost Dance Wovoka Popular myths of the West Sitting Bull Buffalo Bill Cody

10 Industrialization and the New South
Southern states remained Democratic after 1877 Opened up to Northern investment after 1880 Textiles, tobacco, railroads, iron Lintheads Created “colonial” relationship with North Region’s key weakness was state of its agriculture Crop lien system One-crop system, low investment; overproduction, falling prices Forced to import food at inflated prices

11 Industrialization and the New South (cont)
Race relations in the New South were problematic Blacks became scapegoats for poor economic conditions Jim Crow laws and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Doctrine of separate but equal Booker T. Washington and improvement through self-help Tuskegee institute in Alabama Atlanta Exposition speech, 1895

12 Politics of Stalemate U.S. politics deadlocked between 1873 and 1893
Closely contested presidential elections Grover Cleveland Major legislation enacted only through bipartisan majorities Divided government and an even balance between the two parties

13 Civil Service Reform Most salient issue of national politics in early 1880s Mugwumps and Half-Breeds James Garfield Assassinated in 1881 Chester A. Arthur Pendleton Act, 1883 Covered half of government jobs by 1897 McKinley Tariff of 1890 Web

14 Discussion Questions What were the major impacts of the railroads on the West? Examine the U.S. policy towards Indians in the late 1800s. Was it a policy of assimilation or annihilation? What was Booker T. Washington’s role as a civil rights leader at the end of the 19th century? Examine the politics of the 1890s. What were the pressing issues of the day?

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