1. Chapter 2 Section 1

2. Objectives Be able to define: science, scientific method, system, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, model, theory, variable, independent variable, dependent variable, control group, experimental group, validity, scientific ethics, technological design, solution design, implementation, evaluation, quantitative, qualitative. Be able to describe the purpose of the scientific method.

3. Be able to describe the order of steps followed by scientists using the scientific method. Be able to distinguish between quantitative and qualitative observations. Be able to distinguish between the dependent and independent variables. Be able to describe the differences between hypotheses, theories, and models. Be able to identify errors in an experimental design. Objectives

4. Section 1: Scientific Method _____________ is a process whose goal is to discover facts about the universe. Most scientific advances result form carefully planned ____________________. Science relies on observation, experimentation, and experience

5. Section 1: Scientific Method Science is a process whose goal is to discover facts about the universe. Most scientific advances result form carefully planned investigations. Science relies on observation, experimentation, and experience

6. Section 1: Scientific Method The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the _________ ________. This is a a logical approach to solving problems by ______________ and ______________ _______, ________________ ____________, _______________ hypotheses and formulating ________________ that are supported by data. The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

7. Section 1: Scientific Method The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method. This is a a logical approach to solving problems by ______________ and ______________ _______, ________________ ____________, _______________ hypotheses and formulating ________________ that are supported by data. The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

8. Section 1: Scientific Method The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method. This is a a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses and formulating theories that are supported by data. The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

9. Section 1: Scientific Method The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method. This is a a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses and formulating theories that are supported by data. The scientific method is systematic, repeatable and testable.

10. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data __________________ – the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data. Two types of data: ________________– descriptive in nature; _____- _____________ information (ex. the sky is blue) _________________ - __________________ in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

11. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data Observing – the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data. Two types of data: ________________– descriptive in nature; _____- _____________ information (ex. the sky is blue) _________________ - __________________ in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

12. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data Observing – the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data. Two types of data: Qualitative– descriptive in nature; non-numerical information (ex. the sky is blue) _________________ - __________________ in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

13. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data Observing – the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data. Two types of data: Qualitative– descriptive in nature; non-numerical information (ex. the sky is blue) Quantitative – numerical in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

14. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled __________________ to make observations and collect data. Chemists study ________________ – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for ___________ during an experiment or observation.

15. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make observations and collect data. Chemists study ________________ – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for ___________ during an experiment or observation.

16. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make observations and collect data. Chemists study systems – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation.

17. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and ______________ – they try to make generalizations based on the data. ___________________ - statements that apply to a ___________ of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

18. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and patterns – they try to make generalizations based on the data. ___________________ - statements that apply to a ___________ of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

19. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and patterns – they try to make generalizations based on the data. Generalizations- statements that apply to a range of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

20. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a ________________ – a testable statement; _________________ __________. The hypothesis serves as basis for making ________________ and for carrying out further experiments. Hypotheses are often “___ - _________” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

21. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a hypothesis – a testable statement; an educated guess. The hypothesis serves as basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments. Hypotheses are often “___ - _________” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

22. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a hypothesis – a testable statement; an educated guess. The hypothesis serves as basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments. Hypotheses are often “if - then” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

23. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Testing a hypothesis requires _____________________ that provides data to ____________ or ___________ a hypothesis or theory. If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be ______________ or _____________. Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

24. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be ______________ or _____________. Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

25. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be discarded or modified. Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

26. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be discarded or modified. Hypotheses can be proven incorrect and they can be supported/proven successful, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

27. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses ____________ – Experimental conditions that remain ______________ during testing. ______________ – any conditions that __________ during testing. Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable. Might affect the outcome of the experiment

28. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Controls – Experimental conditions that remain constant during testing. ______________ – any conditions that __________ during testing. Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable. Might affect the outcome of the experiment

29. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Controls – Experimental conditions that remain constant during testing. Variables – any conditions that change during testing. Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable. Might affect the outcome of the experiment

30. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Two types of variables: _______________ - the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ______ in an experiment. _______________ - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the ________________ variable. There may be more than one dependent variable.

31. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Two types of variables: Independent - the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ONE in an experiment. _______________ - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the ________________ variable. There may be more than one dependent variable.

32. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Two types of variables: Independent - the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ONE in an experiment. Dependent - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable. There may be more than one dependent variable.

33. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Two groups: 1.Control group - allows you to observe what is considered “normal” under a specific set of conditions, so comparisons can be made with the experimental group. 1.Experimental group – this group experiences a change in one variable. Only one variable should be changed at a time

34. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a ___________– more than just a physical object, it is often an ____________________ of how phenomena occur and how data or events are _____________. Models may be _____________, verbal or _____________________.

35. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model – more than just a physical object, it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related. Models may be _____________, verbal or _____________________.

36. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model – more than just a physical object, it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related. Models may be visual, verbal or mathematical. Ex. Atomic model of matter – states that matter is composed of tiny particles – atoms

37. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing ______________– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory. Theories are considered successful if they can ___________ the ___________ of many new experiments.

38. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory. Theories are considered successful if they can ___________ the ___________ of many new experiments.

39. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory. Theories are considered successful if they can predict the results of many new experiments.

40. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. Ex. Kinetic-Molecular Theory – Theory that explains that the behavior of physical systems depends on the combined actions of the molecules constituting the system Ex. Collision Theory – Theory that states that the number of new compounds formed in a chemical reaction is = to the number of molecules that collide

41. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing ___________________ gives scientists an opportunity to ______________ the work of others and see if they get the _________ _______________. Others will be able to duplicate valid work.

42. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing Publication gives scientists an opportunity to repeat the work of others and see if they get the same results. Others will be able to duplicate valid work.

43. Section 1: Scientific Method Conclusion Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis