1. Human Growth and development

2. Four areas of human development:
Physical
Cognitive
Motor or skills development
Social development
Don’t write down..on next slides coming…

3. Physical Development
Growth and development of the body’s muscles, bones, energy systems, and the nervous system

4. Cognitive ► Individual’s ability to interpret and process information
► Emotional development
► Development of person’s self-concept or awareness of one’s self

5. Motor or Skills Development
► Combination of cognitive and physical development
► Humans develop ability to perform a wide range of tasks

6. Social Development
► Development of relationships with peers, friends, relatives, adults, and others in the “outside world”

7. Age and Physical Development
Chronological Age
Age measured in years, months, and days

8. Skeletal Age
Age indicated by physical maturity of skeleton
Factors such as nutrition, disease, and injury can cause lag

9. ► Developmental Age
Age expresses in one’s ability to perform tasks

10. Body Types and Development
Endomorph, Ectomorph and Mesomorph

11. Stages of Human Growth and Development Infancy Toddler
Double birth weight in 6 months and triple it in a year
Considerable muscular development
► Gains in ability to perform basic tasks
Grasp, crawl, pull to stand, walk
► Most master walking by age two
► …. running by age three

12. Why can’t a 6 month old walk?
Because it hasn’t learned??
NO!
Babies walk when their muscles, bones and nervous system are ready to walk
The child will DEVELOP this skill when they are ready
Growth, maturation and development set LIMITS on what can be learned

13. Scooter trouble-Why?

14. Childhood ► From six to ten years the body “stabilizes”
Uniform relationship between bone and tissue growth and development occurs
► Rapid stage of growth from four to six years
► Often age at which child is introduced to sport

15. Puberty
Growth (physical and psychological) speeds up during this phase
► “Growth spurt”
► Marked changes in physical appearance

16. Adulthood Most growth has taken place ► Other physical changes
Weight gain, reduced oxygen capacity, rise in blood pressure, joint deterioration
► Diminished exercise, diet and nutrition issues, increased stress and responsibilities

17. Different Rates of Growth for Different Body Parts
1. Cephalo-caudal Sequence
(head) (toe)
Growth progresses fastest in the head, followed by the trunk, and then the extremities

18. 2. Proximo-distal Sequence
Body movements that originate closer to the centre of the body seem to develop earlier than those that originate further from the centre
Ex. Babies can swing arms before they can hold a pencil

19. Your turn…
All humans pass through these stages as the age and mature, though rates of development will vary. What are some factors that might affect one’s rate of motor development?
You are University students don’t just sit there!!!

20. Factors Affecting Physical Growth
Glandular/Hormonal Activity
Heredity
Injury
Nutrition/Diet
Physical Activity
Socio cultural Factors
Physical Environment

21. Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development
Make your own notes on all 4 (chapter 18)
Know these 4 for the exam: 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational Stage 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operational
Cognitive development is defined as the changes that take place in a person’s ability to interpret and process information, as well as alterations in their emotional development, and the introduction and establishment of a person’s self concept

22. Stages of Movement/Motor Skills Development
Reflexive Responses to Rudimentary Movements
General Fundamental Skills
Specific Fundamental Movements
Specialized (Sport Related Movements)
Need to copy Triangle Diagram..Gross motor tasks of sports all follow this triangle

23. Infancy (ages 0 to 4months)
1. Reflexive Movements
Infancy (ages 0 to 4months)
Reflexes present at birth:
Rooting reflex (turn head to stimulus)
Finger grasp
Sucking Reflex
Moro Reflex (startle reflex, baby will spread arms, neck and legs when startled)

24. 2.Rudimentary Movement Phase (birth-2 years)
Basic stability, locomotor and manipulative activities (head and neck control/sitting)
3 categories of movement skills…..start of sport…yeah!!!
A. Stability..balancing
B. Locomotor..moving..crawling…walking
C. Manipulative …handling objects..grasping..kicking..throwing

25. 3. Fundamental Movement Phase 2-7
Evolution of skills from rudimentary phase
Not yet sport related
Confident running, jumping, throwing, catching

26. 4. Sport Related Movement Phase
Application of prior skills to specific sports
A. General – understands rules…Develop conscience and value judgements
B. Specific –sophisticated form of skill and accuracy/complex games/sense of independence and social responsibility
C. Specialized- select few/elite
Some never specialize

27. Your turn..with a partner/max three people in a group: Activity #1
Looking at the last phase (Sport related)
Pick a sport of your choice and describe the modifications you would employ when coaching or teaching athletes in each of the 3 stages of sport related skill development
Fold 1 piece of paper into even squares and only hand in 1 sheet for marking. Include names. Pick partners wisely!!
Application mark

28. Let’s get started…headings
Ask yourself: How would I modify…
Equipment?
# Of Players?
Environment?
Strategy?
Rules?
Level /degree of competition?
Degree of specialization? (Other activities)
Time commitment
Emphasis (What is the most important goal?)

29. Activity #2 Next Communication Mark
You are going to ADAPT Sport Skills to Match Development Levels
If humans adapt 4 ways; physically, cognitively, in terms of the motor skills they acquire and socially..then coaches need to adapt training methods
Your task is to address these 4 areas

30. Adapting Sport Skills
You will modify instructions to the indicated age level below. (ex. modify equipment rules)
Sport Skills
Age Level
Modification
1. Hitting a Baseball
Level 1
Under 5 years
Use a tee, as player of this age may have difficulty hitting a moving pitch
Use light bat to allow for physical strength
Work with athlete t develop his or her swing without ball
Gradually introduce slow moving pitch wit larger ball
Social skill may be difficult to develop since skill is individual

31. For the next ones assume that all of the athletes have come “through the ranks” of the various age levels- that is a tennis player at Level 2 (age 5-7) has already participated at Level 1
Sport Skill
Age Level
Modification
Kicking a soccer ball
Level 1 (under 5)
Passing a hockey puck
Level 2 (5-7)

32. Easy marks continue… Sport Skill Age Modification
Executing a sand shot in golf
Level 3 (7-9)
Jump shot in basketball
Level 4 (9-11)
Tossing a spiral in football

81. Stages of Movement/Motor Skills Development
Reflexive Responses to Rudimentary Movements
General Fundamental Skills
Specific Fundamental Movements
Specialized (Sport Related Movements)

82. Infancy (ages 0 to 4months)
1. Reflexive Movements
Infancy (ages 0 to 4months)
Forms a foundation for other abilities
Reflexes present at birth:
Rooting reflex (turn head to stimulus)
Finger grasp
Sucking Reflex
Moro Reflex (startle reflex, baby will spread arms, neck and legs when startled)

83. 2.Rudimentary Movement Phase (birth-2 years)