1. Growth and Development
Chapter 18

2. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development
Describe factors affecting growth & development
Understand the necessity of physical activity for optimal growth & development
Recognize and understand gender and individual differences in growth & development

3. Terminology
Human growth- proceeds by the release of chemicals (hormones) from glands. The hormones and their levels vary throughout your life. Growth can be physical (height, weight, strength), mental (cognitive) or emotional.
Motor Learning- physical or motor skills can be learned through repetition and practice. Involves physical development and nervous control

4. Terminology
Sport psychology- psychology is the study of thought processes and behaviour in relation to the environment. The goal here is to enhance performance by improving mental aspects of sport.
Coaching- a coach supports the development of an athlete or team. They design training schedules, strategize, resolve conflict and determine philosophy

5. Areas of Human Development
Physical: bones, muscles, energy systems, nervous system
Cognitive: interpret and process information. Also emotional development and self-awareness/self-concept
Motor or skills development: physical and cognitive to learn how to do repetitive tasks
Social development: relationships with peers, friends, relatives, adults and others.

6. Age and Physical Development
Measures of age can be chronological, skeletal or developmental.
Skeletal age is defined based on the ossification of bones and fusion of growth plates. Nutrition, diet, disease and injuries can all delay skeletal development.
In general mesomorphs mature earlier and develop broad muscular bodies. Ectomorphs tend to mature late and tend to have narrow hips and shoulders with long limbs. Endomorphs tend to lay down more fatty tissues and be thicker of limb.
Most people belong to more than one category!

7. Age and Physical Development
Developmental age is related to the motor and cognitive abilities of the person:
General bench marks include potty training, walking, tying shoes.
Some people mature in these respects faster than others and may be developmentally delayed or enhanced.

8. Adolescence
The variability of body types (somatotypes) become more evident
Ectomorph
Mesomorph
Endomorph
Usually individuals are a combination of these body types

9. Ectomorph Linear shape Delicate bone structure Little fat
Long limbs relative to the body

10. Ectomorph

11. Mesomorph
Well-muscled
Little body fat
Broad shoulders
Narrow waist

12. Mesomorph

13. Endomorph Rounded appearance Heavy bone structure
Little bone and muscle definition

14. Endomorph

16. Stages of Growth & Development

17. Stages of Growth & Development
Infancy
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood

18. Infancy BIRTH  TWO/THREE YEARS Period of rapid growth
Males are usually heavier and taller than females at birth

19. Childhood Early childhood Mid-Childhood Late Childhood
ONE YEAR (1)  TENYEARS (10)
Consists of:
Early childhood
Mid-Childhood
Late Childhood

20. Early Childhood One year to six years of age
Gradual loss of “baby fat”
Girls lose less fat than boys
Rapid growth but not as rapid as infancy
Quite flexible
Muscle development while at play

21. Mid-Childhood Six to ten years of age Slower, more constant growth
Improved coordination and motor functioning

22. Late Childhood Ten to sixteen years of age Increased rate of growth
Fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt
9-10 years of age in girls
11-12 years of age in boys
Individual differences in maturation

23. Late Childhood Development of the reproductive system
Appearance of secondary sex characteristics
Breasts
Pubic Hair
Redistribution of body weight
Boys - muscle tissue, body fat
Girls - slight body fat

24. True or False?
The adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier in girls than in boys.
TRUE

25. True or False?
There is a significant difference between female and male physique prior to puberty.
FALSE

26. True or False?
Within each of the life stages, there is individuality and variability in growth and development among people
TRUE

27. Late Childhood
Earlier onset of maturation in females may account for their ability to achieve world-class status across many sports
For example, Tara Lipinski, is the youngest US ladies’ figure skating champion (15 y.o.a)

28. Adolescence Fourteen to twenty years of age Following puberty
Ends with onset of adulthood
Obvious differences in physical growth cease with the end of adolescence

29. Adolescence External social pressures for the “ideal” body type
Combined with many physical, hormonal, and psychological changes that occur at this time

30. Different Rates of Growth for Body Parts
From birth arms and legs grow 4x their length, while head only doubles
Cephalocaudal sequence
Growth is fastest in the head, followed by trunk and then extremities
Proximodistal sequence
Body movements that originate closer to the centre of body develop faster. i.e/ running develops earlier than precise finger movements to play piano

31. Factors Affecting Growth & Development

32. Factors Affecting Growth & Development
Large variation among individuals
A number of factors affect growth and development, including:
Hormonal activity
Heredity
Nutrition
Socioeconomic status
Exercise

33. Hormonal Activity
Pituitary gland secretes hGH – causes widespread growth
Pituitary gland secretes hormones that activate testosterone production in males and estrogen production in females at puberty
Thyroid gland secretes thryroxine, which is important for regulating metabolism

34. Hormonal disorders Androgen insensitivity Hypo/hyperthyroidism
No secondary sex characteristics
Hypo/hyperthyroidism
Weight gain/loss
Cold/hot
Gigantism/acromegaly
Excessive hGH production

35. Acromegaly - Andre The Giant 7’4”
Gigantism – World’s tallest man 8’11”

36. Heredity
Genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation
These genes are also affected by environmental factors
For example, malnutrition may prevent an individual from growing to their maximum potential height

37. Nutrition Adequate nutrients are essential for growth & development
Proteins contribute to the growth and repair of body tissues, including muscle

38. Nutrition Undernourishment or malnutrition can delay growth
Undernourishment exists even in countries with abundant food supplies
Overeating is also a problem in these countries and can lead to obesity when combined with a sedentary lifestyle

39. Socioeconomic Status
Body size is positively related to socioeconomic status and may be related to nutrition
That is, socioeconomic status affects
Income (money to spend on food)
Education (knowledge about healthy food)
Time (food selection and preparation time)
Availability (access to stores with healthy food choices)

40. Socioeconomic Status
Other factors may contribute to the differences observed in growth & development among individuals, such as
Lower levels of stress;
Better sleeping patterns
Regular exercise
These factors are easier to ensure when the basic necessities are met

41. Exercise & Body Composition
Active children and teenagers show:
An increase in lean body mass
A decrease in percent body fat
Muscle hypertrophy with exercise