2. Review of Nationalism During the 1800s the countries of Europe adjusted to the effects of the Industrial Revolution. The shift from farming to city life brought widespread unemployment, poverty, crime and worker revolts. The increased food supply as well as improving medical and hygiene conditions resulted in a rapidly growing population. During the Age of Napoleon monarchies were toppled and the Holy Roman Empire was dismantled. After Waterloo conservatives/royalists tried to RESTORE the old order, but the people wanted more control of their lives and their governments. The middle part of the 1800s saw revolts and revolutions in all parts of Europe. The Industrial Revolution made the search for raw materials all important. This led to the Age of Imperialism.

3. Review of Nationalism Citizens (now equipped with the vote) had a new pride in their country - Nationalism. They believed that their culture and traditions were the best, and they began to hate the culture and traditions of their rivals. The Industrial Revolution brought new weapons. The military of each country thought that it could defeat its rivals. This MILITARISM helped spark World War I. The Prussian soldier and politician - Otto Von Bismarck united German states into a powerful economic and military nation under Kaiser William I.

4. 27.1- The Stage Is Set Sources of conflict in Europe: – NATIONALISM – PAN SLAVISM – “Powder Keg of Europe” – Imperialism Rivalries – MILITARISM & ARMS RACE

6. Attempts at Peace – Olympic Games – Noble Peace Prize – Woman’s suffrage PACIFISM- Opposition to all war

7. Entangling Alliances CENTRAL POWERS Germany/ Austria-Hungary /Ottoman Empire TRIPLE ENTENTE France/England /Russia

8. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

9. 27.2 The Guns of August- WWI Begins  June 28, 1914- Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria- Hungary**  Austria declared war on Serbia  alliances drew the other countries into war in August 1914  Schlieffen Plan

11. Who’s to blame?  England blamed Germany  Belgium blamed Germany  Russia blamed Austria  Germany blamed Russia  France blamed Germany  Austria blamed Serbia  Serbia blamed Austria  Italy was NEUTRAL (at least at first)

12. World War I-A New Kind of Conflict Conditions in the West Stalemate - deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other. French & English versus the Germans. FOUR YEARS of Trench Warfare. TRENCH WARFARE - trenches dug into the mud surrounded by barbed wire with built-out caves for rooms.

13. World War I-A New Kind of Conflict Land between the opposing trenches was called NO MAN'S LAND. Soldiers that went "over the top would be mowed down by machine guns. Verdun & the Somme River were deadly battlegrounds where 1/2 million and 1 million soldiers killed in a few months of fighting in 1916.

14. Political Cartoon: Springtown in the Somme

15. Elements: Winter in a Trench

16. And….. Notice the smiley face! Imagine a sinister laugh. (Buwahahahahahahahahah!)

17. Trenchfoot! Fungal infection Prolonged by long exposure to damp, cold conditions Poor hygiene/environment Estimated 20,000 British casualties in one yr. alone Improved with better trench construction, rubbing grease on toes/feet, and wearing clean, dry socks

18. Let’s take another look! (Buwahahahahahahahahah!)

23. A brighter moment of the war… The Christmas Truce of 1914

24. The Christmas Truce December 24, 1914 German front lines decorated for the season – Christmas trees and Chinese lanterns – Germans walked toward British trenches “Hello, I want to talk to you!” Enemies drank toasts Exchanged products (jam, coffee, chocolate, etc…) One group of Germans played soccer with Scots in kilts

25. Modern Weapons  Poison Gas (Mustard Gas) & Gas Masks  Armored tanks/machine guns/barbed wire  Submarines (U-boats) used to sink merchant ships to break up supply lines.  Traveled in CONVOYS  Germany’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare led to the end of US neutrality  Airplanes and zepplins used at first for observation, then loaded with bombs.

26. Global Conflict Eastern Front: Russia had few modern weapons. Millions of poor Russians died. Other war zones: Southern Europe / Middle East / Asia & Africa “Imperialist” outposts.

28. TOTAL WAR: How war affected life at home Total war: the channeling of all of a nation’s resources into the war effort. Rationing: using coupons to get food and gas Propaganda: spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause. Women: contributed to war effort

29. Losses in War

31. Sacrifices in War

32. The body of an allied soldier lies in the road. Rats and other vermin quickly devoured any exposed flesh.

33. "In Flanders Fields" is one of the most famous poems written during World War I and has been called "the most popular poem" produced during that period. [1] It is written in the form of a French rondeau. Canadian physician and Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae wrote it on May 3, 1915, after he witnessed the death of his friend, Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, only 22 years old, the day before. The poem was first published on December 8 of that year in the London-based magazine Punch. [1]rondeau

34. In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. — Lt.-Col. John McCrae (1872 - 1918)

35. 27.4: Winning the War

36. America Enters the War! (Finally) And provides a much needed: - Upset of forces. - Morale boost. - End to the long stalemate.

37. P.S. The U.S. was the world’s strongest economy and largest creditor. Some might call this war profiteering.

40. Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915 German submarine sank British passenger ship – Killed 1,198 people (128 U. S. citizens) – Ship allegedly carrying ammunition/ weapons (true) – President Wilson and American public outraged – Germany agreed to stop attacking neutral and/or passenger ships – Agreed to surface, allow neutral passengers to escape to lifeboats

41. Back to 1917… Return to submarine policy = gamble – German naval blockade hoped to starve Britain into defeat before America mobilized. – Wrong! – Sank 3 American ships after U. S. President Wilson gave warnings Bad move… Then...

43. Zimmerman Telegraph (1917) British intercepted telegraph – Arthur Zimmermann (Germany’s foreign secretary to German ambassador in Mexico) – If Mexico became ally to Germany, then Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” lost land in the United States. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona Last Straw for U.S. U.S. declared war on April 6, 1917

44. Zimmerman Telegraph: Coded

45. Zimmerman Telegraph: Decoded

49. Telegraph = Last Straw U. S. sympathies already high U.S. has a bond with Great Britain. – Common ancestry, language – Similar democratic institutions, legal systems True (and false) reports on German atrocities – Stirred anti-German sentiment ($) Strong economic ties to Allied Powers ($)

51. Quotes from President Wilson “We have no selfish ends to serve.” “…To make the world safe for democracy.” “… a war to end war.”

53. America Declares War!!!

55. The Yanks are Coming! Doughboy = An American soldier (nickname given to American members of the AEF (American Expeditionary Force)…basically, the military)

58. What vocabulary word does this suggest?

59. What group of Soldiers would never see fresh food such as this? What mode of transportation is promoted?

63. Australian Poster

64. German Poster

65. What famous historical figure is utilized below? Women of America, Save your Country, Buy War Savings Stamps

66. Campaign to Victory…

67. Wilson’s Fourteen Points January 1918 A list of terms for resolving WWI & future wars – Freedom of the seas, free trade, large-scale reduction of arms, and end to secret treaties – Creation of a general association of nations to keep peace Favored self-determination for Europe – The right of people to choose their own government

68. Fourteen Points 1. End secret diplomacy 2. Freedom of the seas 3. Removal of trade barriers 4. Reduction in armaments 5. Adjustment of colonial claims 6. Evacuation of Russian territory 7. Restoration of Belgium 8. Evacuation of France; return Alsace-Lorraine to France

69. Fourteen Points, Continued… 9. Readjustment of Italy’s borders 10. Independence of various national groups in Austria-Hungary 11. Restoration of Balkans and access to the sea for Serbia 12. Free passage of all nations into and out of the Black Sea 13. Independence for Poland 14. League of Nations

70. Final Showdown (Early 1918) Germans push allies back 40 miles, but exhausted Allies launched counterattack – Push Germans back across France and Belgium – Kaiser told the war cannot be won Kaiser Wilhelm II advised to step down – Germany near collapse (hungry citizens frustrated) – Fled to Netherlands in exile Austria-Hungary near collapse – Empire splintered by nationalist groups

71. Armistice An agreement to end fighting Sought by new German government November 11, 1918, 11:00 a.m. WWI/ Great War fighting ends…

72. News of Armistice

73. World War I: Treaty & Aftermath

74. The Costs of War Pandemic – The spread of a disease across an entire country, continent, or the whole world – 1918 = influenza – 20 million dead Financial burdens – Rebuilding costs – Highly inflated national war debts – Who should make reparations? Payments for war damage

75. Costs of War, Continued… Political turmoil – Collapse of governments – Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans – Spread of Communism Led to a conflict between communism & capitalism – Colonial empires begin to see more violence. – Birth of new nations (9 to be exact) Not to mention…to actual death toll of war

78. Triumvirate: Paris Peace Conference “The Big Three” – United States President, Woodrow Wilson Ideals raised expectations for a just and lasting peace Wanted the 14 Points basis of the peace plan Could be hard to work with (due to his rightness attitude) – British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George People demanded harsh treatment of Germany. Wanted to build a post-war Britain “fit for heroes” (very costly) – French leader, Georges Clemenceau (“the tiger”) Fierce anti-German war policy Wanted a weak Germany (never threaten France again) Boy, was he ever wrong!

79. Treaty of Versailles, June 1919 Drawn up by the Allied powers Germans forced to sign – Assume full blame for causing the war (Article 231) – Huge reparations - $30 billion -, which would hurt an already strained German economy War destruction, cost, and pensions to war widows/families – Germany must set up a republic (Weimar republic).

80. Treaty of Versailles, Cont… – Limited the size of the German army (10,000 men) – No German air force and navy – Destruction of all German weapons – Returned Alsace-Lorraine to France – Stripped Germany of overseas colonies – Removed territory from western and eastern Germany

81. Signing of the Treaty

82. Unfortunately… German resentment and the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles would poison the international climate for 20 years – and spark an even deadlier war.

83. But guess what? The U.S. refused to ratify the treaty and the United States never joined the League of Nations.

85. Despite the actions of the United States… The League of Nations was a first step toward something genuinely new – an international organization dedicated to maintaining peace and advancing the interests of all people.

86. Immediate Effects of WWI League of Nations Russian Revolution Creation of New Nations in Baltic and Eastern Europe MASSIVE war debts crippled recovery attempt of Germany

87. Long Term Effects of WWI  America did not join the League of Nations. The League lacked any power to stop aggression. (No “Peacekeeping” Armies  US & Japan become world powers  Rise of fascism in Germany. Germans angry about conditions of peace treaty and blamed money problems on the bankers… The Jews.  Growth of nationalism in colonies

88. 3 Major Problems 1. Isolation of Russia 2. Weak German economy 3. Germany gets to participate in the planning stages of the League of Nations.