2. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs, and Behavior Today Chapter 1

3. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. At the Completion of This Class, You Should Be Familiar With the Following: Basic terminology concerning drugs and drug-taking behavior. Basic terminology concerning drugs and drug-taking behavior. The origins and history of drugs and drug- taking behavior. The origins and history of drugs and drug- taking behavior.

4. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Objective Cont’d. Possible reasons why people take or do not take drugs. Possible reasons why people take or do not take drugs. Current trends in drug-taking behavior. Current trends in drug-taking behavior.

5. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. History tells us that as long as humans have been around some have used, misused and abused some plants or substances.

6. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Definitions Drug: substance once entered, changes function/structure of the human organism Drug: substance once entered, changes function/structure of the human organism

7. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Definitions (Cont’d) Drug dependence: intense craving and a need to increase quantities for the same effect. Drug dependence: intense craving and a need to increase quantities for the same effect. Drug misuse: impairment of mental, physical, emotional, or social well-being due to inappropriate use. Drug misuse: impairment of mental, physical, emotional, or social well-being due to inappropriate use.

8. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Definitions (Cont’d) Drug Abuse: continued deliberate use leading into impairment Drug Abuse: continued deliberate use leading into impairment

9. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Looking at Drugs and Behavior Psychoactive Psychoactive drugs: A drug causing mind-altering effects. Licit Licit drugs: alcohol, nicotine and caffeine. Illicit Illicit drugs: heroin, cocaine, marijuana, and LSD.

10. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Use of Drugs Instrumental: drug usage for a specific purpose. Instrumental: drug usage for a specific purpose. Recreational: drug usage for the effect of the drug itself. Recreational: drug usage for the effect of the drug itself.

11. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. “Drug Use On The Rise” Who? What? When and where? How much? Why do any of these matter?

12. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Who Is Taking The Drug? Age Age Proximity to us Proximity to us What they do for a living What they do for a living What Drug Are They Taking? Obvious question but often over looked Obvious question but often over looked Alcohol vs. heroin Alcohol vs. heroin Inhalants vs. alcohol Inhalants vs. alcohol

13. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. When And Where Are Drugs Being Used? The situation in which the drug is taken makes a big difference. The situation in which the drug is taken makes a big difference. A 1 st grade teacher drinking on Saturday night at home vs. a 1 st grade teacher drinking during class. A 1 st grade teacher drinking on Saturday night at home vs. a 1 st grade teacher drinking during class. Even if a subculture accepts the use of an illegal drug, it will distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable situations. Even if a subculture accepts the use of an illegal drug, it will distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable situations. A group might accept marijuana smoking at a party but not when you are taking the kids to the soccer game or right before a multi-million dollar deal meeting. A group might accept marijuana smoking at a party but not when you are taking the kids to the soccer game or right before a multi-million dollar deal meeting.

14. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Why A Person Takes Drugs? Vicodin the doctor prescribed for pain vs. Vicodin for the way it makes you feel for pleasure Vicodin the doctor prescribed for pain vs. Vicodin for the way it makes you feel for pleasure Drinking alcohol because you are out with friends vs. drinking alcohol alone in the morning to help get you out of bed Drinking alcohol because you are out with friends vs. drinking alcohol alone in the morning to help get you out of bed

15. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. How A Drug Is Taken?  An amount of cocaine that comes from chewing the coca leaves vs. that much cocaine snorted will lead to very different responses  How the drug is taken can also depend on how fast the user becomes addicted, how fast the response comes and how long it lasts How Much Of A Drug Is Taken?  This is often the difference between normal use and abuse; the difference between life and death

16. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Four Principles Of Psychoactive Drugs  “Drugs” are not good or bad  Every drug has multiple effects  Both size and quality of the drug affect the effect of the drug  The effects of a drug depends on the person

17. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Four Pharmacological Revolution 1. Major communicable diseases under control – vaccines 2. Pharmacological revolution – antibiotics to treat illness of the body 3. Development of psychopharmacology drugs – treatment of mental illnesses 4. Development of oral contraception – drugs gave control over the body

18. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs in Earlier Times  Curiosity kill the.  Shamanism: systemic drug use, trances and plant-based medicines.  Placebo effect: improvement based on belief, not the effectiveness of the drug.

19. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cultural Change  After WWII substance abuse was not a major concern  Then concerns about alcohol came to the forefront  Then in the mid 1960s LSD became a household word  Then Nixon declared a “War on Drugs”, however there was still tolerance for drug use  Then in the 1980s less tolerance of differences including drugs  The 1990s were a continuation of the 80s  Then in 2000s medicinal marijuana and “rave” culture

20. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs in the Nineteenth Century Problems: widespread use and uncontrolled access to psychoactive drugs; Opium and cocaine through patent medicines. Problems: widespread use and uncontrolled access to psychoactive drugs; Opium and cocaine through patent medicines. Morphine (GOM): popular prescription for pain. Heroin was advertised as a completely safe remedy for common ailments. Morphine (GOM): popular prescription for pain. Heroin was advertised as a completely safe remedy for common ailments.

21. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs in the Nineteenth Century Prohibition era (1920-1933) resulted in an increase in illicit drug abuse. Prohibition era (1920-1933) resulted in an increase in illicit drug abuse.

22. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs & Behavior From 1945 to 1960 1940’s-medical revolution: antibiotic drugs, and birth of chemotherapy. 1940’s-medical revolution: antibiotic drugs, and birth of chemotherapy. 1954-1 st generation of Thorazine. 1954-1 st generation of Thorazine.

23. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs & Behavior From 1945 to 1960 Recreational-smoking was sexy & romantic, two martini lunch, social drinking was at it PEAK! Recreational-smoking was sexy & romantic, two martini lunch, social drinking was at it PEAK! Unawareness: nicotine & alcohol consumption was – drug-taking behavior. Unawareness: nicotine & alcohol consumption was – drug-taking behavior.

24. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs and Behavior Since 1960 Freedom: birth control pills. Freedom: birth control pills. Marijuana, uppers, and downers @ peak. Marijuana, uppers, and downers @ peak.

25. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs and Behavior Since 1960 Hippies to yuppies; Heroine overshadow by cocaine (expensive aura of glamour). Hippies to yuppies; Heroine overshadow by cocaine (expensive aura of glamour). Crack-cheaper, smokable form of cocaine. Crack-cheaper, smokable form of cocaine.

26. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drug in Our Society Today 51% 51% consume alcohol 29% 29% smoke cigarettes 6% 6% use illegal drugs on a regular basis Increase Increase of illegal usage by youths (12-17 yrs)

27. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Old Drugs, New Drugs Since 1991, cocaine declined in the USA, heroin is on an upswing. Since 1991, cocaine declined in the USA, heroin is on an upswing. Old habits-new danger (infection-HIV). Old habits-new danger (infection-HIV).

28. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Old Drugs, New Drugs Club drugs-LSD,Ecstasy,... & Alcohol. Club drugs-LSD,Ecstasy,... & Alcohol. Dietary supplements-enhance mood, energize the mind, relieve feeling of anxiety. Dietary supplements-enhance mood, energize the mind, relieve feeling of anxiety. Ephedrine – expand bronchial tubes, increase blood pressure and heart rate. Ephedrine – expand bronchial tubes, increase blood pressure and heart rate.

29. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 6 Classifications of Psychoactive Drugs Narcotics Narcotics Depressants Depressants Stimulants Stimulants Psychedelics/hallucinogens Psychedelics/hallucinogens Marijuana Marijuana Inhalants Inhalants

30. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drug Problems: Health-related Consequences Delay in medical treatment Delay in medical treatment Reduction in personal problem-solving effectiveness Reduction in personal problem-solving effectiveness Additional health problems (i.E., Toxic reaction, panic, flashback, mental disorders) Additional health problems (i.E., Toxic reaction, panic, flashback, mental disorders) Suicide Suicide HIV/aids HIV/aids