1. Chapters 19 and 21

2. Students will be able to identify and describe the causes of the Industrial Revolution.

3. 1.Why did the Industrial Revolution begin? 2.Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? 3.What was its overall impact on society?

4. In 1750- most people had land and worked the land using simple tools People made their own clothes by hand People did not travel, or if they did, they did not travel far. People used horse drawn carriages In contrast: people in 1850 had land and worked in factories, had manufactured clothing, and were able to travel further.

5. Between 1830-1855 an American dentist was the first to use an anesthetic- drug that prevents pain during surgery. Skyscrapers

6. Second Agricultural Revolution brought great advancements of farming and farming products. Educated farmers began to exchange news about experiments they have tried. New methods of crop rotation Lord Charles Townshend- urged farmers to grow turnips Jethro Tull- invented a new seed drill

7. Enclosure- the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers By 1700s- they wanted to create larger fields that could be cultivated more efficiently. British Parliament facilitated enclosures through legislation As millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose and so did profit. Many farm laborers were thrown out of work People moved to cities to get jobs working in factories

8. Agricultural revolution contributed to the rapid of the population Why was there a population increase? Agricultural revolution reduced the risk of death from famine Surplus of food People ate better= people were healthier

9. One vital source of energy was coal- used to develop the steam engine 1712- Thomas Newcomen- developed the steam engine James Watt made Newcomen’s invention more efficient Production of iron- used to make machines and buildings

11. Had the advantage of plentiful natural resources and natural ports Rivers supplied water power for construction of canals Canals increased trade Communication and transportation were prevalent Had skilled workers who wanted to expand production

12. The British economy was beginning to prosper Business class had capital- money used to invest in enterprises Enterprises- business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories Britain had a stable government which supported economic growth Entrepreneurs- those who managed and assummed the financial risks of starting new businesses.

13. The Industrial Revolution first began in the textile industry Took their inspiration from India’s cotton cloth Britain wanted to take India’s cotton cloth industry home Putting-out system- cottage industry- raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread

14. Iron was needed to create machines and engines Fuel to create was running out- trees Turn to coal

15. Putting-out system took a very long time In America, inventor Eli Whitney invented a machine called the cotton gin that helped to separate seed from raw cotton to speed up the pace

16. New machines were large and needed room They were too large and expensive to operate at home Originally they were in sheds near rivers- they used water power to run Eventually they required more and more workers and the sheds became larger

17. As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods to move goods from place to place Used turnpikes- private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll to use them Goods traveled faster Canals- water transportation Locomotives- the use of steam-powered rails. Today we know them as railroads.

18. Once inventors developed machines that could produce large qualities of goods more efficiently, prices fell. Lower prices made goods more affordable and created more consumers who further fed the demands for goods.

20. Urbanization- movement of people to cities People would suffer with dangerous conditions like dangerous working and living conditions, unsafe, unsanitary, overcrowded housing, poverty Population increased in the cities Where did the cities spring up?

21. The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the working class Middle class: owned and operated the new factories, mines, railroads, and other industries. Lifestyle was more comfortable than working class. Working class: packed into tiny rooms, lived in tenements, no running water or sanitation, garbage was on the street

26. Men, women, and children worked 12-16 hours a day Machines were very dangerous

27. Women were more desirable than men Paid less Adapted more easily Children: Originally children were used to work on farms Had small hands which could be used to do delicate work and to fix machines

28. Labor unions- worker organizations Rallied for better working conditions and better pay

29. Methodism John Wesley- stressed the need for a personal sense of faith Methodism promised forgiveness of sin and a better life to come Attempted to rekindle hope among the working poor Read the Bible

30. Thomas Malthus: British economist Theory: poverty was unavoidable due to the population increase Looked to natural laws that governed the world of business and economics Malthus believed the population would outpace the food supply Urged families to have fewer children Did not want healthcare for the poor He was wrong!! The food supply grew faster than the population

31. Adam Smith- Hands off! Free Market Economy- the economy would produce more goods at lower prices making them affordable to everyone

32. Believed the working class would never escape poverty Also believed that wage increased were not necessary because they would never help people cover their basic necessities Did not want the government to help the poor

33. Jeremy Bentham believed the goal of society should be the “greatest happiness for the greatest number” Supported individual freedom Believed the government should be involved John Stewart Mill also believed in individual freedom

34. Robert Owen No difference between rich and poor Had a “model community” in New Lanark, Scotland where everyone in society worked and shared all property

35. System of government led by a small elite where they controlled all economic and political life Argued that there was “the history of class struggles” between the “haves” and the “have-nots” Haves- owned and controlled the means of production and ultimately controlled the wealth Have-nots- proletariat- working class Workers would take control of the means of production and set up a classless society- end all struggles

36. Never actually practices Social democracy- a political ideology where there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system Flawed view of government/economy By the end of the 20 th century, few nations were communist governments, almost all countries follow free-market capitalism.